Czy o ocenie i emocjach związanych z budynkiem decyduje jego wygląd zewnętrzny? Postawy wobec zróżnicowanych formalnie obiektów architektonicznych

0LFKDá'ĊEHN*

Are assessment and emotions connected

with a building conditioned by its external appearance?

Attitudes towards formally differentiated architectural objects

Introduction

During the process of designing physical environ-

ments, buildings or housing estates, the specialists, who

are responsible for the shape of the surrounding space,

often try to design objects which are potentially per-

ceived in a positive way – preferred, friendly and sat-

isfying needs. Architectural or industrial design and to

some extent also spatial planning belong to particularly

GLI¿FXOW GRPDLQVEHFDXVH DPRQJ RWKHUWKLQJV DXWKRUV

should skilfully combine artistry with meeting human

needs, ideas, expectations and images.

Designing is in fact a continuous process of creation

and meeting the needs of people (investors, future users,

‘not engaged’ observers, etc.) or in brief – designing is

a process of creation for people. When creating something

we often ask ourselves questions such as ‘what emotions

will my work arouse?’; ‘what will the users think about

the environment designed by me?’; ‘how will the people

for whom I design feel in this environment?’; ‘will my

UHFLSLHQWVLQVSHFL¿F FLUFXPVWDQFHVFKRRVHOLNHSUHIHU

this object and not another one?’ We can constantly ‘keep

in touch’ with our recipients and their needs (real ones

or assumed by us) thanks to this self-control. By asking

questions of this type we are in the essence of the design-

ing process, nevertheless, we still create certain hypoth-

eses with regard to our recipients. But it is good. Such

DFWLYLWLHVRIWHQJLYHXVWLPHIRUDXWRUHÀHFWLRQWKHUHIRUH

we make things better, we correct them or even change

designs so that – as it seems to us – they could be ‘better’,

i.e. perceived in a more positive way.

However, we do not usually carry out systematic ex-

aminations or measurements which would make it pos-

sible for our work to be seen with its potential recipients’

eyes in a relatively objective way, even though it is pos-

sible and quite easy nowadays. As a rule, our intuition

PXVWEHVXI¿FLHQWDOWKRXJKZHRIWHQEDVHRXURSLQLRQV

on various types of colloquial concepts of perception

and human needs. Designers who are particularly skilful,

ones who are penetrating observers of the reality, sensi-

tive to various signals, endowed with the ability to see

matters ‘from above’ and operate on high levels of ab-

straction, frequently build objects which are quite widely

accepted and highly assessed.

As a matter of fact, if we aspire to satisfy human

expectations connected with the designing process ef-

¿FLHQWO\ZHFDQQRWH[FOXVLYHO\UHO\RQRXUSHUVRQDOLQ-

sights and intuition. It must be noticed that the process

of carrying out research, developing theories and putting

forward interesting hypotheses with regard to human ex-

periences connected with various physical environments

has been taking place for many years. Such problems are

dealt with by environmental psychology – among other

sciences – a domain of psychology which was crystal-

lised in the 1970s to tackle with complicated man’s rela-

tions with the surroundings (architectural as well). More

information about the beginnings of environmental psy-

chology can be found in works by Stokols [18], while

the present status of this domain and its contemporary

challenges are discussed in more detail by, for example,

Gifford [10], [11]. Moreover, numerous researchers in

psychology have been working on conditions of percep-

tion as well as the course of this process for many years.

5HIHUHQFHWRWKHUHVXOWVRIWKLVUHVHDUFKPD\VLJQL¿FDQWO\

facilitate and order thinking about designing as a process

of meeting the needs of recipients. These research results

shall be outlined in this article.

One of the interesting perception problems that we have to

deal with on a daily basis (thinking about human experiences

,QVWLWXWHRI3V\FKRORJ\8QLYHUVLW\RI:URFáDZ

DOI:10.5277/arc120109

84 0LFKDá'ĊEHN

ZLWKYDULRXVREMHFWVLVDUHODWLRQRIDQH[WHUQDODSSHDUDQFH

RI DQ REMHFW WR LWV DVVHVVPHQW DFFHSWDQFH DQG SUHIHUHQFH

7KHDSSHDUDQFHRIDQREMHFWLVRQHRIWKHEDVLFIHDWXUHVRI

HDFKDUFKLWHFWXUDOREMHFWDQGLWDOVRVHHPVWREHRQHRIWKH

NH\ IDFWRUV FRQGLWLRQLQJ LWV DVVHVVPHQW 7KLV UHVXOWV IURP

RXUSHUVRQDOH[SHULHQFHDQGHYHU\GD\REVHUYDWLRQRIKXPDQ

FKRLFHVDQGRSLQLRQVDVZHOODVIURPYDULRXVVFLHQWL¿FHODER-

UDWLRQV)RU LQVWDQFHDFFRUGLQJWR WKH&%26UHSRUWµ3ROHV

$ERXW$UFKLWHFWXUH¶>@RI3ROHVDJUHHZLWKWKHRSLQLRQ

WKDWµQLFHEXLOGLQJVDQGVXUURXQGLQJVPDNHSHRSOHIHHOEHW-

WHU¶

$FFRUGLQJWRWKHUHSRUWDOPRVWHYHU\RQHWKLQNV

WKDWLWLVLPSRUWDQWZKDWNLQGRIEXLOGLQJVDQGZKDWVXUURXQG-

LQJVZHOLYHLQ$GGLWLRQDOO\DOVRRI3ROHVWKLQNWKDWWKH

EXLOGLQJ¶VH[WHUQDODSSHDUDQFHLVLPSRUWDQWRUYHU\LPSRUWDQW

LQWKHVLWXDWLRQRIFKRRVLQJDSODFHRIUHVLGHQFH7KHUHIRUH

WKHDSSHDUDQFHRIDQREMHFWLVSUREDEO\DQH[WUHPHO\VLJQL¿-

FDQWIHDWXUHZKLFKFRQGLWLRQVWKHZD\LQZKLFKWKLVREMHFWLV

SHUFHLYHG$Q\ZD\WKLVLVDIUHTXHQWO\GLVFXVVHGK\SRWKHVLV

>@DSDUWLFXODUO\LQWHUHVWLQJDQGFRPSUHKHQVLYHGLVFXVVLRQ

RIWKLVSUREOHPFDQEHIRXQGLQWKHZRUNVE\&ULOO\0RXOWULH

DQG&ODUNVRQ>@

7KHEDVLFIHDWXUHVRIDSSHDUDQFHRIHYHU\REMHFWLQ-

FOXGLQJDUFKLWHFWXUDO REMHFWVDUHFRORXUVKDSHDQGWH[-

WXUH $GGLWLRQDO DQG HTXDOO\ LPSRUWDQW FKDUDFWHULVWLFV

ZKLFKGLIIHUHQWLDWHDUFKLWHFWXUDO REMHFWV FDQ EHIRUH[-

DPSOH FXEDWXUH VWUXFWXUH GLIIHUHQWLDWLRQ OHYHO RFFXU-

UHQFH RIV\PPHWU\ DQG UK\WKPV DV ZHOO DVRUQDPHQWD-

WLRQ,WLVUHODWLYHO\SRVVLEOHWRREMHFWLYHO\GHWHUPLQHDQG

FRPPXQLFDWH WKHVH IRUPDO IHDWXUHV RI DQ REMHFW 6XFK

µUDZ¶FKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIDJLYHQREMHFWWKDWFRH[LVWZLWK

RQHDQRWKHULQDSDUWLFXODUZD\PDNHWKHREMHFWUHODWLYH-

O\XQLTXHGLVWLQFWIURPRWKHUVDQGIRUPDJHQHUDOTXDOLW\

RI DKLJKHUOHYHOZKLFKH[DFWO\ FRQVWLWXWHVWKHDSSHDU-

DQFH.QRZLQJZKLFKHOHPHQWVYDULDEOHVFRQWULEXWHWR

WKLV H[WUHPHO\ LPSRUWDQW JHQHUDO SHUFHSWLYH IHDWXUH RI

DQ REMHFW¶V ZH FDQ DWWHPSW WR H[DPLQH WKH UHODWLRQ RI

DQDUFKLWHFWXUDOREMHFW¶VDSSHDUDQFHWRLWVSHUFHSWLRQLQ

DVWUXFWXUDOLVHGDQGPHWKRGLFDOZD\7KLVPHDQVWKDWZH

DUHDEOHWR¿QGRXWLQZKDWZD\WKHREMHFWVFRQVLVWLQJRI

HOHPHQWVRISDUWLFXODUIHDWXUHVRIDSSHDUDQFHHJVKDSH

FRORXUDUHRUZLOOEHSHUFHLYHGE\SDUWLFXODUSHRSOHLQ

FHUWDLQFLUFXPVWDQFHV

,QWKHSURFHVVRIPXWXDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQZHRIWHQGH-

FODUHRXU LQGLYLGXDOZD\ RI SHUFHLYLQJDQ REMHFW,Q RXU

7KHTXHVWLRQZDVFRQVWUXFWHGLQWKHIROORZLQJZD\µ3OHDVHVWDWH

LI\RXDJUHHRUQRWZLWKWKHIROORZLQJVWDWHPHQWVRSLQLRQV¶WKHVXE-

MHFWV HYDOXDWHG WKH SDUWLFXODU VWDWHPHQWV RQ D IRXUUDWH VFDOH IURP

µGHFLVLYHO\\HV¶WRµGHFLVLYHO\QRW¶7KHVXEMHFWVKDGHTXDORSSRUWXQL-

WLHVWRH[SUHVVWKHLURSLQLRQVRQWKHSURSRVHGVWDWHPHQWV

FRQYHUVDWLRQVZHWHQGWRVD\WKDWWKLVEXLOGLQJLVµQLFH¶

µXJO\¶ µXQLQWHUHVWLQJ¶ µRULJLQDO¶ HWF 6XFK H[SUHVVLRQV

FDQEHWUHDWHGDVSDUWLDODQGIUDJPHQWDU\±DOWKRXJKDWWKH

VDPH WLPH YHU\ JHQHUDO ± GHFODUDWLRQV RI WKH REVHUYHU¶V

DWWLWXGHHOHPHQWVWRZDUGVDQREMHFWLH RSLQLRQV ZHUH-

DOO\ QHHG WR WDNH LQWR FRQVLGHUDWLRQ ,I ZH ZLVK WR KDYH

D WUXH LQVLJKW LQWR PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO UHODWLRQV RI DQ RE-

VHUYHUZLWK DQREMHFWUHODWLYHO\ SUHFLVHO\GHWHUPLQH SR-

WHQWLDO HPRWLRQV WKDW D GHVLJQHG REMHFW VKDOO DURXVH DQG

¿QGRXWZKHWKHULWZLOOEHSHUFHLYHGDVDWWUDFWLYHRULWZLOO

EHSUHIHUUHGLQSDUWLFXODUFLUFXPVWDQFHVIRUH[DPSOHDVD

SODFHRIUHVLGHQFHRUDVKRSSLQJDUFDGHLWLVQRWHQRXJK

WRWDNHLQWRDFFRXQWVXFKJHQHUDOVWDWHPHQWVDVWKHDIRUH-

PHQWLRQHGµWKHEXLOGLQJLVQLFH¶RUµ,GRQ¶WOLNHLW¶:KDW

ZHQHHGKHUHLVDGHHSHUDQDO\VLVRIDSRWHQWLDOUHFLSLHQW¶V

REVHUYHU¶VDWWLWXGHWDNLQJLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQHPRWLRQDO

FRJQLWLYHRUEHKDYLRXUDODVSHFWVFRQQHFWHGZLWKDSRWHQ-

WLDOEHKDYLRXUWRZDUGVDQREMHFW7KHVHSUREOHPVVKDOOEH

GLVFXVVHGLQPRUHGHWDLOODWHURQLQWKLVDUWLFOH

,ILQRXUGHVLJQLQJSUDFWLFHZHDVVXPHWKHLPSRUWDQFHRI

PHHWLQJWKHUHFLSLHQWV¶H[SHFWDWLRQV±DVZHRXWOLQHGEHIRUH

±ZHZRXOGFHUWDLQO\OLNHWRWDNHLQWRDFFRXQWUHOLDEOHLQIRU-

PDWLRQFRQFHUQLQJWKHPRVWLQWHUHVWLQJLVVXH±H[SHFWDWLRQV

DQGRSLQLRQVRIUHFLSLHQWVDVUHJDUGVWKHDSSHDUDQFHRIWKH

REMHFWWKDWZHDUHGHVLJQLQJWhat would be the reception

and assessment of this objectQDPHO\ZKDWNLQGRIDWWL-

WXGHVZRXOGREVHUYHUVKDYHWRZDUGVWKLVREMHFW"&DQVXFK

IHDWXUHV DV FRORXU VKDSH DQG REMHFW GLIIHUHQWLDWLRQ KDYH

FRQQHFWLRQVZLWKSRVLWLYHRUQHJDWLYHSHUFHSWLRQRIDQRE-

MHFW",IVRZKLFKRIWKHVHIHDWXUHVDUHWKHPRVWVLJQL¿FDQW

DQGZKDWLVWKHVWUHQJWKDQGQDWXUHRIWKHVHFRQQHFWLRQV"

,VPHUHDSSHDUDQFHRIWKHXWPRVWLPSRUWDQFHIRUWKHSHU-

FHSWLRQRIWKHEXLOGLQJ"$UHWKHUHDQ\FRQ¿JXUDWLRQVRIWKH

REMHFW¶VIRUPDOIHDWXUHVZKLFKWKHUHFLSLHQWVZRXOGDVVHVV

SRVLWLYHO\RUQHJDWLYHO\LQDVWDWLVWLFDOO\VLJQL¿FDQWZD\",V

LWSRVVLEOHWKDWDEXLOGLQJZKLFKKDVSDUWLFXODUIHDWXUHVFDQ

EHDFFHSWHGSUHIHUUHGDQGDWWKHVDPHWLPHEHXQDFFHSWDEOH

GHSHQGLQJRQDVSHFL¿FVLWXDWLRQ"

7KH DIRUHPHQWLRQHG TXHVWLRQV ZHUH SRVHG LQ WKH

RULJLQDOUHVHDUFKSURMHFWHQWLWOHGµ&RQGLWLRQVRIDWWLWXGHV

WRZDUGVDUFKLWHFWXUDOREMHFWV¶ZKLFKZDVFDUULHGRXWLQ

WKH\HDUV±,QWKLVDUWLFOHWKHIROORZLQJLVVXHV

VKDOOEHWDFNOHGDWWLWXGHVRISHUFHSWLRQWKHQRWLRQ

RIDWWLWXGHVWRZDUGVREMHFWVDQGUHVHDUFKUHVXOWVRQ

DWWLWXGHVWRZDUGVVRPHSDUWLFXODUDUFKLWHFWXUDOREMHFWV

$VDFRQFOXVLRQRIWKLVDUWLFOHZHVKDOOSUHVHQWDQDW-

WHPSWDWDQVZHULQJWKHIROORZLQJTXHVWLRQdo features

of appearance (shape, colour and structural diver-

VLW\KDYHDPDMRUVLJQL¿FDQFHLQGHWHUPLQLQJWKHDW-

titude towards a building?

How do we perceive architectural objects?

7KHUH DUH QXPHURXV IDFWRUV LQÀXHQFLQJ RXU RSLQLRQ

RQ D SDUWLFXODU REMHFW LH ZKHWKHU ZH FRQVLGHU D JLY-

HQREMHFWDVQLFHXJO\ZHSUHIHULWRUQRW7KHSURFHVV

RI SHUFHLYLQJ DOVR LQ WKH FDVH RI DUFKLWHFWXUH LV YHU\

FRPSOH[,QWKLVDUWLFOHZHDUHQRWJRLQJLQWRDGHWDLOHG

DQDO\VLVRIYDULRXVFRQFHSWVRISHUFHSWLRQIXQFWLRQLQJLQ

SV\FKRORJ\DUHDGHULQWHUHVWHGLQWKHVHDVSHFWVFDQUHIHU

WRIRUH[DPSOH0DUXV]HZVNL>@+RZHYHUZHRXJKW

WRPHQWLRQWKHPRVWVLJQL¿FDQWFRQGLWLRQVRISHUFHSWLRQ

DQGH[SODLQWKHQDWXUHRIWKLVSURFHVVLQDQXWVKHOO

$UHDVVHVVPHQWDQGHPRWLRQVFRQQHFWHGZLWKDEXLOGLQJFRQGLWLRQHGE\LWVH[WHUQDODSSHDUDQFH" 85

Contemporary cognitive psychologists tend to agree

that perception is not merely a sum (or a simple com-

bination) of sensory impressions. Human observations

do not exclusively result from physical external stimu-

lation, i.e. observations such as Dom Handlowy ‘Sol-

SRO¶LQ:URFáDZµ*DOHULD&HQWUXP¶VKRSSLQJDUFDGHV

%DVLOLFD µ/LFKHĔ¶ DUH QRW RQO\ OLWHUDO WHFKQLFDO UHÀHF-

tions of physical properties of these objects. Perception

involves individually built cognitive representations –

mental equivalents of real objects. It is full of additional

information which is not directly observed in the stimuli,

IRUH[DPSOHLQDEXLOGLQJ:KDWVRUWRILQIRUPDWLRQH[-

DFWO\":HGRQ¶WNQRZWKLVLVZKDWZHDUHWU\LQJWRJHW

to know from people and it is one of the most important

FKDOOHQJHV IRU SV\FKRORJ\ WRGD\ :KDW ZH GR NQRZ LV

that each object in each of our minds is something more

than an image produced by our brain through light waves

comparable, for instance, with a photograph.

Certainly, the perceived reality has relatively objective

properties but from the viewpoint of a psychologist, ZKDW

a particular man perceives LV PRUH VLJQL¿FDQW WKDQ DQ\-

thing else. The mental representation, i.e. an individually

FRQVWUXFWHG DQG UHÀHFWHG IUDJPHQW RI WKH REMHFWLYH UHDO-

ity, is one of the key notions in cognitive psychology [16,

p. 27]. Everybody ‘carries’ in their minds their own and

unique representation of the world but every man still cre-

ates new representations of various situations in which he

LVDQGREMHFWVWKDWKHREVHUYHV:HFDQVHHWKDWWKHPLQG

consists of ‘numerous and mutually connected cognitive

UHSUHVHQWDWLRQV¶>S@:HPDQLSXODWHWKHVHUHSUHVHQ-

tations so that the perceived world makes sense and it can

effectively function. The surrounding objects – sources of

stimuli, for example architectural ones, emanate the energy

of optical waves. Each man transforms this energy in an

LQGLYLGXDOZD\, the energy that carries some objective in-

formation for sensory receptors (wavelength, etc.). In this

way, perception is created, namely: an individual, unique

representation of reality, for example, architectural one.

This is a relatively well documented hypothesis in psychol-

ogy concerning the cognitive functioning of man [16].

Thus, perception is most probably a creative process

which requires a certain kind of activity from man. It is

conditioned by a kind of a stimuli and its objective prop-

erties, physical context in which the observer found the

stimuli, subjective properties of the observer, culture and

many other factors which shall be discussed later along

ZLWK WKH GLVFXVVLRQ RI DWWLWXGHV ,W LV UHDOO\ GLI¿FXOW WR

describe this process itself – what it looks like and what

its physical course is – it takes place in the mind though.

However, we can observe the effects of the perception

process, which can be the observer’s declarations con-

cerning an object, the observer’s attitude to an object or

actually observed behaviours connected with an object

HJDSSURDFKLQJZDONLQJDZD\SXUFKDVHRIDÀDWDU-

chitectural design acceptance, etc.).

Measurement of attitudes which are observable and

enable us to make a direct comparison of perception

effects is often used in such diagnoses which examine

man’s relations with the environment. In environmental

psychology, research on attitudes, for instance, towards

various sceneries or objects is often aimed at examining

‘satisfaction with a particular place’ which is always dif-

ferent or simply: evaluation of a particular environment

[3], [4], [21].

:KDWLVWKHHVVHQFHRIDWWLWXGHVWRZDUGVDUFKLWHFWXUDOREMHFWV"

An attitude, i.e. the information we try to get from the

subjects is always ‘somebody’s’ [20, pp. 180–181] and

FDQEHGH¿QHGDVDSHUPDQHQWDVVHVVPHQW±SRVLWLYHRU

QHJDWLYH ± RI SHRSOH REMHFWV DQG LGHDV […] $WWLWXGHV

FRQVWLWXWHDQDVVHVVPHQWZKLFKPHDQVWKDWWKH\DUHSRVL-

tive or negative reactions to something [...] [1, p. 313].

A certain kind of emanation of individual (differenti-

ated) attitudes towards objects can be, for example, vari-

ous persons’ comments on a certain building. Krystian

%LHVLHNLHUVNL DQ DUFKLWHFW ZKR LV FULWLFDO RI :URFáDZ

Dom Handlowy ‘Solpol’ (shopping mall) and actively

opts for its demolition, says: [Solpol] 7KLV LV D JOLWWHU

7KH GHVLJQHU ZDV FHUWDLQO\ IDVFLQDWHG E\ WKH VSLULW RI

the époque but he forgot that architecture is supposed to

serve generations for centuries>@ZKHUHDV.DWDU]\QD

+DZU\ODN%HUH]RZVNDDFLW\UHVWRUHUVD\V,DGPLWWKDW

,DPQRWSOHDVHGZLWKWKHLGHDRIGHPROLVKLQJµ6ROSRO¶

, WKLQN WKDW WKH EXLOGLQJ LV D V\PERO RI LWV pSRTXH [6].

3LRWU)RNF]\ĔVNL:URFáDZFLW\DUFKLWHFWDQGDµ6ROSRO¶

defender refers to the building as follows: 7KLVLVWKH¿UVW

WLPHWKDWLQ:URFáDZLQWKHFKXUFKQHLJKERXUKRRGDQGLQ

the strong historical context a building has been erected

ZKLFKJHWVRXWRIOLQH [12] and This is one of the brav-

HVW DQG PRVW LQWHUHVWLQJ GHVLJQV LQ DIWHUZDU :URFáDZ

,W VKRZV WKDW ZH DUH QRW DIUDLG RI QHZ VROXWLRQV [19].

=ELJQLHZ 0DüNyZ DQ DUFKLWHFW IURP :URFáDZ ZKR

DOVRRSSRVHVWKHGHPROLWLRQRI6ROSROVDLGIRU³*D]HWD

:URFáDZVND´,ILWGHSHQGHGRQPH,ZRXOGUDWKHUWU\WR

UHQRYDWHWKHEXLOGLQJ6ROSROLVDQLQWHUHVWLQJH[DPSOHRI

post-modernism [19].

0DáJRU]DWD 2PLODQRZVND DQ DUW KLVWRULDQ ZKLOH

GLVFXVVLQJ DQRWKHU REMHFW ± %DVLOLFD LQ /LFKHĔ ± VD\V

+RWHOVDQGH[FOXVLYHUHVLGHQFHVOLQHGZLWKPDUEOHJOLW-

WHULQJZLWKJROGDQGFU\VWDOFKDQGHOLHUVOLNHIURPµ'DO-

ODV¶RUµ'HQYHU¶¿OPVHULHVPDNH/LFKHĔD&DWKROLF/DV

9HJDV DOWKRXJKLW FDQ DOVREH DVVRFLDWHG ZLWKWKH 5R-

PDQLDQVRFLDOLVWUHDOLVPDUFKLWHFWXUHRIODWH&HDXúHVFX

>S@DQGVKHGH¿QHVWKHZKROHWKLQJDVRQHRI>@

WKHPRVWLQFUHGLEOHZRUNVRIPHJDNLWVFKLQ(XURSH [13,

p. 39].

Attitudes may refer not only to buildings, but also to

objects of street furniture or widely understood organi-

sation of space (e.g. public space). For instance, a dis-

cussion about the city dwarfs which in fact are already

DWRXULVWODQGPDUNRI:URFáDZKDVEHHQUHFHQWO\LQLWLDWHG

,Q³*D]HWD:\ERUF]D´SURIHVVRU.ODXV%DFKPDQQZURWH

86 0LFKDá'ĊEHN

DERXWWKH GZDUIVAn average dwarf is good, kitsch and

¿QDQFHGE\DELJEDQN>@>@

7KH DIRUHPHQWLRQHG SHUVRQV LQ WKHLU VWDWHPHQWV UH-

YHDOLQGLYLGXDODWWLWXGHVWRZDUGVSDUWLFXODUREMHFWVWKXV

LQDQLQGLUHFWZD\WKH\WU\WRFRPPXQLFDWHWRWKHUHDGHUV

WKHLUFRJQLWLYHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRIWKHVXUURXQGLQJUHDOLW\

7KHDWWLWXGHWRZDUGVDVWLPXOXVLVDVSHFL¿FPHDVXUDEOH

UHVXOW RI SHUFHSWLRQ DQG DQ REVHUYDEOH RSLQLRQ RQ WKLV

VWLPXOXV:H DUH QRW DEOH WR SK\VLFDOO\ µVHH¶ SDUWLFXODU

PHQWDOUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRI6ROSRO/LFKHĔRUGZDUIRUWKH

SURFHVV WKDW OHDG WR WKHLU IRUPDWLRQ ZH FDQQRW µPDNH

D ¿OP¶ ZLWK D QDUUDWLRQ WKDW FRPHV GLUHFWO\ IURP HDFK

REVHUYHU¶VPLQG:H RQO\ NQRZZKDWHDFKSHUVRQWHOOV

XV DERXW KLVKHU RSLQLRQV RQ SDUWLFXODU REMHFWV KLVKHU

HPRWLRQVWRZDUGVWKHP DQG ¿QDOO\ZKDW DFWLRQV KHVKH

ZRXOGFRQVHTXHQWO\WDNH

7KLVWKUHHFRPSRQHQWWKUHHIDFWRUGHVFULSWLRQRIDQ

DWWLWXGHFRQVLVWLQJK\SRWKHWLFDOO\RIWKHIROORZLQJWKUHH

DVSHFWVFRJQLWLYHHPRWLRQDODQGEHKDYLRXUDOLVDFRQ-

FHSWLQSV\FKRORJ\WKDWLVSRSXODUDQGPDGHEHOLHYDEOH

LQQXPHURXVUHVHDUFKZRUNV>S@>S@,Q

VSLWH RI VRPH FRQWURYHUVLHV FRQFHUQLQJ WKLV PRGHO DV

ZHOODVDFRQFHSWRISUHGLFWLQJKXPDQEHKDYLRXUVRQWKH

EDVLV RI GHFODUDWLRQ RI DWWLWXGHV HYHQ QRZDGD\V WRROV

ZKLFK H[DPLQH RSLQLRQV SUHIHUHQFHV DQG SRWHQWLDO EH-

KDYLRXUVEDVHGRQWKLVWKUHHIDFWRUPRGHORIDWWLWXGHVDUH

IUHTXHQWO\FUHDWHGDQGPHWKRGRORJLFDOO\DFFHSWHG

1HYHUWKHOHVV LW LV ZRUWK PHQWLRQLQJ VRPH IDFWRUV

ZKLFKPD\LQÀXHQFHWKHSURFHVVRIEXLOGLQJPHQWDOUHSUH-

VHQWDWLRQVDQGDWWLWXGHVWRZDUGVREMHFWVLHDOOWKHWKLQJV

WKDWPD\FDXVHD SDUWLFXODU SHUVRQWRSHUFHLYHDQREMHFW

LQ D JLYHQ ZD\ DQG IRUP RSLQLRQV DERXW WKLV REMHFW LQ

D VSHFL¿F ZD\ 0RGHUQ SV\FKRORJ\ KDV DW LWV GLVSRVDO

VRPHYHUL¿HGK\SRWKHVHVLQWKLVUHJDUG

6LPSOLI\LQJWKLVEURDGLVVXHWRDQDEVROXWHPLQLPXP

WKHIRUPDWLRQRIPHQWDOUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVDQGDWWLWXGHVFDQ

EH LQÀXHQFHG E\ WKH IROORZLQJ IDFWRUV  VH[ DJH

SODFHRIUHVLGHQFHVRFLDODQGHFRQRPLFVWDWXV

EHORQJLQJWRDVSHFL¿FFXOWXUDOFLUFOHHJ(XUR$WODQWLF

$VLDQ HWF  LQGLYLGXDO FRQGLWLRQV HJ SHUVRQDOLW\

NQRZOHGJHH[SHULHQFHDQGEHOLHIVFXUUHQWSV\FKR-

ORJLFDO VLWXDWLRQ  FXUUHQW WDVNV DQG FRQWH[W SK\VLFDO

DQGVLWXDWLRQDOSV\FKRORJLFDOGLVWDQFHWRDQREMHFW

DQG ¿QDOO\  HYROXWLRQDU\ FRQGLWLRQV



 7KLV OLVW PXVW



+RZHYHUWKHHYROXWLRQDU\K\SRWKHVLVLVVWLOOPRVWFRQWURYHUVLDO

EHFRPSOHPHQWHGE\YDULDEOHFRQFHQWUDWLRQSURFHVVHVRU

PRWLYDWLRQ,QWKHFDVHRIDSSOLHGDUWVGHVLJQRUDUFKLWHF-

WXUHDVLJQL¿FDQWIDFWRULQÀXHQFLQJWKHSURFHVVRIHYDOX-

DWLQJREMHFWVVHHPVWREHWKHLPSDFWRIDFXUUHQWIDVKLRQ



RQWKHGHFODUHGDWWLWXGHV%\WKHZD\RQHRIWKHJUHDWHVW

FRQWHPSRUDU\FKDOOHQJHVLQSV\FKRORJ\LVWKHSURFHVVRI

H[DPLQLQJWKHLQÀXHQFHRIYDULRXVNLQGVRIFRQWH[WVH[-

WHUQDO±VWLPXOLDQGLQWHUQDO±PHQWDORQHVRQFRJQLWLYH

SURFHVVLQJLQFOXGLQJEXLOGLQJSHUFHSWLRQV>S@

)RUH[DPSOHZHORRNDWDEXLOGLQJDQGZHEXLOGDQDW-

WLWXGH WRZDUGV LW IURPYDULRXV SRLQWV RI YLHZ GHSHQGLQJ

ZKRZHDUHZKHUHZHDUHIURPZKDWRXUFXUUHQWVLWXDWLRQ

DQGVXUURXQGLQJVDUHLIZHDUHVDGKDSS\LUULWDWHGZKDW

RXUNQRZOHGJHDERXWWKHZRUOGLVLIZHMXVWµZDQWWRVHH¶

ZKDWZHDUHVXSSRVHGWRGRRUZKDWRXUGLVWDQFHIURPWKH

REVHUYHG REMHFWLV DQGLQZKDWVLWXDWLRQ DFWXDORUK\SR-

WKHWLFDOWKHRFFXUUHQFHWDNHVSODFH6XFKDQDWWLWXGHFDQEH

FRPPXQLFDWHGWRWKHZRUOGWKURXJKLQWHUDOLDH[SUHVVLQJ

JHQHUDORSLQLRQVRQDQREMHFWRU±LQDPRUHVWUXFWXUDOL]HG

IRUP±GHFODUDWLRQVLQWKHIRUPRIDQVZHUVWRTXHVWLRQVLQ-

FOXGHGLQTXHVWLRQQDLUHVRQDWWLWXGHV

4XHVWLRQQDLUHVRQDWWLWXGHVDUHRIWHQGHVLJQHGRQWKH

EDVLVRIWKHDIRUHPHQWLRQHGWKUHHIDFWRUPRGHODQGFRQ-

WDLQ VHWV RI TXHVWLRQV FRQFHUQLQJ HPRWLRQV FRQQHFWHG

ZLWKDQREMHFWRSLQLRQVRQLWDVZHOODVGHFODUDWLRQVRI

SRWHQWLDOEHKDYLRXUVWRZDUGVDQREMHFW7KHUHDUHPDQ\

UHDG\ WRROVRIWKLV W\SH HJTXHVWLRQQDLUHVFRQFHUQLQJ

DWWLWXGHV WRZDUGV RWKHU SHRSOH RWKHU FXOWXUHV WRXFK\

VRFLDO LVVXHV RU DGYHUWLVHPHQWV $IWHU DOO FRPSOH[LW\

RI WKH ZRUOG UHVXOWV LQ WKH IDFW WKDW VWLOOQHZ TXHVWLRQ-

QDLUHVRQDWWLWXGHVPXVWEHGHVLJQHGZKLFKDUHEDVHGRQ

VLPLODUWKHRUHWLFDODVVXPSWLRQVDQGDGDSWHGHVSHFLDOO\WR

WKHVSHFL¿FLW\RIDQREMHFWRUSUREOHPFKRVHQLQDJLYHQ

SLHFHRIUHVHDUFK,WLVQRWSRVVLEOHWRXVHDTXHVWLRQQDLUH

RQDWWLWXGHVLQWKHFDVHRIEHOLHYHUVRIRWKHUUHOLJLRQVRU

DWWLWXGHVWRZDUGVDVKDPSRRRU DGULQNIRUWKHSXUSRVH

RI H[DPLQLQJ DWWLWXGHV WRZDUGV DUFKLWHFWXUDO REMHFWV

+HQFHWKHQHFHVVLW\IRUQHZWRROVDSSHDUVTXLWHRIWHQ



,IZHWDONDERXWWKHLQÀXHQFHRIDFXUUHQWIDVKLRQRQDQDWWLWXGH

ZH FDQ VD\ WKDW WKLV LV D VSHFL¿F FDVH RI D IDFWRU LQÀXHQFH  LH

NQRZOHGJH H[SHULHQFHV DQG EHOLHIV 7KH SHUFHSWLRQ DQG DWWLWXGH

PRGL¿FDWLRQE\PHDQVRIIDVKLRQSURYHVWKDWWKHVXEMHFWNQRZVµZKDW

LV FXUUHQWO\ FRQVLGHUHG WR EH QLFH¶ NQRZOHGJH DQG WKDW WKH VXEMHFW

DFFHSWV RU QRW D FHUWDLQ ZD\ RI VHHLQJ DQG HYDOXDWLQJ WKH ZRUOG

EHOLHIV±UHODWLYHO\VWDEOHLQWKHGHWHUPLQHGWLPHFKDUDFWHULVWLFRIWKH

SDUWLFXODUFXOWXUDODUHDVRFLDODQGHFRQRPLFVWDWXVDQGOLIHVW\OH

Attitudes of Poles towards architecture – own research

7KH DXWKRU¶V UHVHDUFK SURMHFW ± ZKLFK ZDV

PHQWLRQHG LQ WKHLQWURGXFWLRQ RI WKLV DUWLFOH ZDV DLPHG DW

H[DPLQLQJUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQSHRSOHDQGDUFKLWHFWXUHDQGSDU-

WLFXODUO\WKHLUDWWLWXGHVWRZDUGVDUFKLWHFWXUDOREMHFWV

$ WKHRUHWLFDO VWDUWLQJ SRLQW ZDV WKH RULJLQDO VFKHPH

ZKLFK VWUXFWXUDOL]HG K\SRWKHWLFDO GHWHUPLQDQWV RI DWWL-

WXGHVWRZDUGVDUFKLWHFWXUDOREMHFWVDQGZKRVHVLPSOL¿HG

YHUVLRQLV SUHVHQWHG LQ )LJXUH 7KH UHVHDUFK FRQVLVWHG

LQ WHVWLQJ ZKHWKHU D SURSRVHG VFKHPH LV SUREDEOH 7KH

IROORZLQJLVVXHV LQWHUDOLD ZHUHH[DPLQHG ZKHWKHU

IRUPDOIHDWXUHV VKDSH FRORXUDQGGLYHUVLW\ OHYHORIDQ

REMHFW FDQ H[FOXVLYHO\ FRQGLWLRQ DQ DWWLWXGH WRZDUGV DQ

DUFKLWHFWXUDOREMHFWZKHWKHUDVLWXDWLRQDOFRQWH[WLQ

ZKLFKDQDUFKLWHFWXUDOREMHFWZLWKVSHFL¿FIRUPDOIHDWXUHV

$UHDVVHVVPHQWDQGHPRWLRQVFRQQHFWHGZLWKDEXLOGLQJFRQGLWLRQHGE\LWVH[WHUQDODSSHDUDQFH" 87

LVGLIIHUHQWLDWHVWKHDWWLWXGHWRZDUGVWKLVREMHFWDQG¿QDOO\

(3) whether subjective and demographic features differen-

tiate attitudes towards formally determined objects.

As it was outlined in the introduction, this article par-

WLFXODUO\ IRFXVHV RQ WKH ¿UVW DVSHFW RI WKH GLVFXVVHG UH-

search, namely trying to answer the following questions:

GRIHDWXUHVRIDSSHDUDQFHVKDSHFRORXUDQGGLYHUVLW\

RIDQREMHFWKDYHPDMRUVLJQL¿FDQFHLQGHWHUPLQLQJDQ

attitude towards a building?

7RROV

In the years 2007–2009 a reliable Questionnaire on At-

titudes Towards Architectural Objects was designed and

several models of such objects were prepared. Some pi-

lot and initial examinations were carried out (434 persons

were examined during pilot examinations).

As a result of the aforementioned preparations, twelve

specially designed three-dimensional models of architec-

WXUDOREMHFWVZHUHFODVVL¿HGIRUWKHSURMHFW)LJHDFK

RIWKHPFRQVWLWXWHGDXQLTXHFRQ¿JXUDWLRQRIIRUPDOFKDU-

DFWHULVWLFV GHWHUPLQHG DV VLJQL¿FDQW RQ WKH EDVLV RI WKH

pilot research. Consequently, each object has a particular

dominant colour scheme (non-contrastive, contrastive or

aposematic

 LV FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ GRPLQDQFH RI FHUWDLQ

shapes (sharp or smooth) and it is diverse or non-diverse.

The subjects looked at these objects as photographs thanks

to which the same perspective was maintained (camera lo-

cation control), time of day (lighting control), the same

background, identical surroundings and, of course, the

VFDOH,WZDVUHDOO\VLJQL¿FDQW±WKDQNVWRWKLVDFWLRQLWZDV

possible to considerably reduce the impact of variables

that disturb the results (confounders). The objects differed

only as regards their colour scheme, dominant shapes and

structure diversity.

,QRUGHUWRHYDOXDWHWKHVLJQL¿FDQFHRIVKDSHFRORXUDQG

structure diversity in determining an attitude towards an ob-

ject, we cannot show the subjects a Renaissance town hall

RUD*RWKLFFKXUFKRQWKHRQHVLGHDQGDPRGHUQVKRSSLQJ

Aposematic colouration – in nature it mostly refers to a danger;

a type of protective colouration, bright or contrastive, which facilitates

UHFRJQLWLRQDVRSSRVHGWRFDPRXÀDJHDQGSHUIRUPVDZDUQLQJIXQFWLRQ

by limiting the frequency of accidental attacks. It is employed by organ-

LVPVWKDWKDYHHI¿FLHQWPHDQVRIGHIHQFHDJDLQVWSUHGDWRUVLQWKHFDVH

of animals) or herbivores (in plants), e.g. toxins, thorns or inedibility.

$SRVHPDWLF FRORXUDWLRQ FDQ EH H[HPSOL¿HG ZLWK \HOORZ DQG EODFN

colours of bees, wasps and hornets.

)LJ7KH$XWKRU¶V)UDPHZRUNIRU6WUXFWXUDOL]LQJ+\SRWKHWLFDO'HWHUPLQDQWVRI$WWLWXGHV7RZDUGV$UFKLWHFWXUDO2EMHFWV

,O$XWRUVNLVFKHPDWVWUXNWXUDOL]XMąF\KLSRWHW\F]QHGHWHUPLQDQW\SRVWDZZREHFRELHNWyZDUFKLWHNWRQLF]Q\FK

88 0LFKDá'ĊEHN

DUFDGHRQWKHRWKHU:HZRXOGQ¶WEHDEOHWR¿QGRXWZKHWKHU

WKHUHDOVRXUFHRIDWWLWXGHYDULDELOLW\LHLQRWKHUZRUGV

WKHEDVLVRIHYDOXDWLRQDUHFRORXUVVKDSHVDQGRWKHUIHD-

WXUHVRIDEXLOGLQJDSSHDUDQFHRUIRUH[DPSOHPHDQLQJV

VWURQJO\FRQQHFWHGZLWKWKHEXLOGLQJLWVVFDOHRUWKHH[LVW-

LQJHOHPHQWVRIVXUURXQGLQJV,IZHZLVKWR¿QGRXWKRZ

LPSRUWDQWWKHREMHFW¶VDSSHDUDQFHLVZHQHHGWRFRQWURODQG

SRVVLEO\HOLPLQDWHDOOWKHRWKHUDSDUWIURPIHDWXUHVRIDS-

SHDUDQFHSRWHQWLDOFRQIRXQGHUVDWWKHVDPHWLPHPDLQWDLQ-

LQJWKHVLWXDWLRQDOUHDOLW\FIHJ>SS±@>@

7KHUHIRUHLQWKHSKRWRJUDSKVRIWKHH[DPLQHGREMHFWVWKHUH

DUHSHRSOHDQGFDUV$QGDJDLQLQRUGHUWRUHGXFHGLVWXU-

EDQFHVWKHSHRSOHDQGWKHFDUVZHUHLGHQWLFDOLQDOORIWKH

SKRWRJUDSKVZLWKWKHVDPHSRVLWLRQVFRORXUVHWF

$VLWZDVPHQWLRQHGEHIRUHIRUWKHQHHGVRIWKHSURMHFW

D4XHVWLRQQDLUHRQ$WWLWXGHV7RZDUGV$UFKLWHFWXUDO2EMHFWV

ZDVGHVLJQHG,WFRQVLVWHGRILQVWUXFWLRQVVHYHQLWHPVFRQ-

FHUQLQJWKHEXLOGLQJ HYDOXDWLRQVHH7DEDQGDVHQG

VXUYH\7KH4XHVWLRQQDLUHDOVRLQFOXGHGIRXUDGGLWLRQDOTXHV-

WLRQVWKHDLPRIZKLFKZDVWRFKHFNZKHWKHUWKHVXEMHFWVZHUH

ZLOOLQJWRDFFHSWDSDUWLFXODUEXLOGLQJLILWKDGDVSHFL¿FIXQF-

WLRQRULILWZDVVXSSRVHGWREHVLWXDWHGLQDSDUWLFXODUSODFH

7DE7KHVHZHUHTXHVWLRQVDERXWDOWHUQDWLYHSUHIHUHQFHV

DVWRDQREMHFWSODFLQJLWLQDGHWHUPLQHGFRQWH[W

$FFRUGLQJWRWKHFRQFHSWRIIDFWRUVLQÀXHQFLQJDWWLWXGHV

RXWOLQHGEHIRUHGXULQJWKHUHVHDUFKSURSHUVRPHVXEMHFWLYH

IDFWRUVZHUHDOVRFRQWUROOHG2QHRIWKHPRVWVLJQL¿FDQWZDV

WKH VXEMHFWV¶ WHPSHUDPHQWPHDVXUHGE\ PHDQV RI)&=.7

PHWKRG7KHLQÀXHQFHRIDJLYHQWHPSHUDPHQWRQDWWLWXGHV

WRZDUGVREMHFWVZDVH[DPLQHGKRZHYHUWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHVH

WULDOVJREH\RQGWKHIUDPHZRUNRIWKLVDUWLFOH

2XWRIVHYHQTXHVWLRQVFRQFHUQLQJWKHEXLOGLQJHYDOX-

DWLRQZHVHOHFWHGWZRUHOLDEOHVXEVFDOHV)±HPRWLRQDO

DWWLWXGH



WRZDUGVDQREMHFW7DEDQG)±FRJQLWLYH

EHKDYLRXUDODVVHVVPHQW



RIDQREMHFW7DE,QOLQHZLWK

WKH WKUHHIDFWRU FRQFHSW RI DWWLWXGHV GLVFXVVHG EHIRUH



6FDOHUHOLDELOLW\LVPHDVXUHGE\PHDQVRI&URQEDFK¶VDOSKDFRHI-

¿FLHQW 



6FDOHUHOLDELOLW\LVPHDVXUHGE\PHDQVRI&URQEDFK¶VDOSKDFRHI-

¿FLHQW 

)LJ7ZHOYHHYDOXDWHG'PRGHOVRIDUFKLWHFWXUDOREMHFWVFRQWUROOHGIRUPDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFV

,O'ZDQDĞFLHEDGDQ\FKPRGHOLRELHNWyZDUFKLWHNWRQLF]Q\FKNRQWURORZDQHFHFK\IRUPDOQH

Are assessment and emotions connected with a building conditioned by its external appearance? 

7DE,WHPVLQHPRWLRQDOGLPHQVLRQVFDOH)±HPRWLRQDODWWLWXGHWRREMHFW

7DE3R]\FMHZFKRG]ąFHZVNáDGVNDOL)±XVWRVXQNRZDQLDHPRFMRQDOQHJRGRRELHNWX

How would you describe your feelings when looking at the presented object?

Looking at the presented object I feel…:

1 Depressed

2 Sad



ĞĮŶŝƚĞůǇŶŽƚ



ZĂƚŚĞƌŶŽƚ



/ĚŽŶ¶ƚŬŶŽǁ



ZĂƚŚĞƌǇĞƐ



ĞĮŶŝƚĞůǇǇĞƐ

3 ŶŐƌǇ

7DE,WHPVLQFRJQLWLYHEHKDYLRXUDOGLPHQVLRQVFDOH)

7DE3R]\FMHZFKRG]ąFHZVNáDGVNDOL)±RFHQ\SR]QDZF]HMRELHNWX

How do you evaluate the presented object?

I think the presented object is…:

1 ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƟŶŐ

2 ŶŝĐĞ

3 ĂƩƌĂĐƟǀĞ



ĞĮŶŝƚĞůǇŶŽƚ



ZĂƚŚĞƌŶŽƚ



/ĚŽŶ¶ƚŬŶŽǁ



ZĂƚŚĞƌǇĞƐ



ĞĮŶŝƚĞůǇǇĞƐ

Do you agree with the

statement below?

/ǁŽƵůĚŽŌĞŶĐŽŵĞďĂĐŬƚŽ

ƐƵĐŚĂŶŽďũĞĐƚ

WKHUHVKRXOGEHWKUHHIDFWRUVVFDOHVVHSDUDWHGKHUH+RZ-

HYHUIRUWKHSXUSRVHRIPDLQWDLQLQJWKHVFDOHUHOLDELOLW\

ZHGHFLGHGWRFRPELQHFRJQLWLYHDQGEHKDYLRXUDOIDFWRUV

LQWRRQHVFDOH)

7DE$OWHUQDWLYHSUHIHUHQFHV

7DE$OWHUQDW\ZQHSUHIHUHQFMH

Do you agree with the statements below?

dŚŝƐďƵŝůĚŝŶŐǁŽƵůĚĂƉƉĞĂůƚŽŵĞĂƐŵǇ

ƉůĂĐĞŽĨƌĞƐŝĚĞŶĐĞ

dŚŝƐďƵŝůĚŝŶŐǁŽƵůĚĂƉƉĞĂůƚŽŵĞĂƐƚŚĞ

ƉůĂĐĞǁŚĞƌĞ/ŐŽƐŚŽƉƉŝŶŐʹƐŚŽƉƉŝŶŐ

ŵĂůů

dŚŝƐďƵŝůĚŝŶŐǁŽƵůĚĂƉƉĞĂůƚŽŵĞĂƐŵǇ

ǁŽƌŬƉůĂĐĞ



ĞĮŶŝƚĞůǇŶŽƚ



ZĂƚŚĞƌŶŽƚ



/ĚŽŶ¶ƚŬŶŽǁ



ZĂƚŚĞƌǇĞƐ



ĞĮŶŝƚĞůǇǇĞƐ

/ǁŽƵůĚůŝŬĞƚŽŚĂǀĞƐŝŵŝůĂƌďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐŝŶ

ŵǇƚŽǁŶ

7KHWRWDOVFRUHRI)VFDOHFRXOGRVFLOODWHEHWZHHQWKH

YDOXHV RI  WR  ZKHUH  UHIHUUHG WR VWURQJO\ QHJDWLYH

HPRWLRQVZKHUHDVPHDQWODFNRIQHJDWLYHHPRWLRQV2Q

)VFDOHZKHUHWKHVXEMHFWVH[SUHVVHGWKHLURSLQLRQVDQG

SRVVLEOHLQWHQWLRQVWRZDUGVDQREMHFWWKHWRWDOVFRUHZDV

EHWZHHQWKHYDOXHRIODFNRISRVLWLYHRSLQLRQVDQG

SRVLWLYHRSLQLRQV

Participants

,QWKHUHVHDUFKSURSHUGLVFXVVHGKHUHWKHUHZHUHVXE-

MHFWVLQYROYHGPHQDQGZRPHQDJHGIURPWR

Me 7KH\ZHUHVWXGHQWVRIWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI:URFáDZ

:URFáDZ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7HFKQRORJ\ DQG +LJKHU 6FKRRO RI

(GXFDWLRQ7:3'HSDUWPHQWLQ:DáEU]\FKDVZHOODVHPSOR\-

HHVRID:URFáDZFRPSDQ\QRQUHSUHVHQWDWLYHFRQYHQLHQFH

VDPSOLQJ1HYHUWKHOHVVZKLOHSUHSDULQJWKHUHVHDUFKDQHI-

IRUWZDVPDGHWREDODQFHWKHJURXSVDVUHJDUGVWKHLUVH[RUL-

JLQJHRJUDSKLF



DQGPDMRURIVWXGLHV

7KHVXEMHFWVZHUHGLYLGHGLQWRJURXSVZLWK±SHU-

VRQVLQHDFKJURXS$SROOVWHUFRQWDFWHGHDFKJURXSVHSDUDWHO\

(DFKPHPEHURIDJURXSHYDOXDWHGRQHREMHFWSKRWRJUDSK

E\PHDQVRIWKH4XHVWLRQQDLUH1H[WWKHVXEMHFWV¿OOHGLQWKH

7HPSHUDPHQW4XHVWLRQQDLUH)&=.77KHZKROHH[DPLQD-

WLRQWRRNDERXWPLQXWHVLQHDFKRIWKHJURXSV



$WWKHWLPHRIFDUU\LQJRXWWKHUHVHDUFKWKHVXEMHFWVOLYHGLQWKHIROORZ-

LQJSODFHVWRZQVZLWKWKHSRSXODWLRQH[FHHGLQJ

UHVLGHQWVRI

WKHVXEMHFWVWRZQVZLWKWKHSRSXODWLRQXSWR

UHVLGHQWVWRZQV

ZLWKWKHSRSXODWLRQXSWR

UHVLGHQWVDQGYLOODJHVRI

WKHVXEMHFWVOLYHGLQWRZQVZLWKWKHSRSXODWLRQXSWR

UHVLGHQWV$WWKH

VDPHWLPHDPDMRULW\RIWKHVXEMHFWVFDPHIURPVPDOOWRZQVZLWKWKH

SRSXODWLRQXSWRUHVLGHQWVDQGYLOODJHV

90 0LFKDá'ĊEHN

Results

Appearance of an object and its evaluation

)RU WKH SXUSRVH RI GHWHUPLQLQJ WKH PHDQLQJ RI IRU-

PDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV LQ DQ DWWLWXGH WRZDUGV REMHFWV DQ 6366

 VWDWLVWLFDO SDFNDJH ZDV HPSOR\HG :H VWDUWHG IURP

D WKUHHIDFWRU YDULDQFH DQDO\VLV */0 ZLWK WKH IROORZLQJ

IDFWRUVFRORXUVFKHPHWKUHHOHYHOVQRQFRQWUDVWLYHDSRVH-

PDWLFDQGFRQWUDVWLYHVKDSHWZROHYHOVVKDUSDQGVPRRWK

DQG IRUPDOGLYHUVLW\ WZR OHYHOVGLYHUVH DQGQRQGLYHUVH

'HSHQGHQWYDULDEOHVZHUHHPRWLRQDODWWLWXGH)DQGFRJ-

QLWLYHHYDOXDWLRQ)UHVSHFWLYHO\7KLVDQDO\VLVZDVDLPHG

DW¿QGLQJRXWWKHDQVZHUWRWKHIROORZLQJTXHVWLRQdoes the

DSSHDUDQFHRIDQREMHFWLWVHOIFDQKDYHPDMRUVLJQL¿FDQFH

in its evaluation?

$VLWWXUQHGRXWthe colour scheme of an object does

QRWGLIIHUHQWLDWHVLJQL¿FDQWO\DQDWWLWXGHWRZDUGVDQ

object ± YDULRXV FRORXU VFKHPHV GR QRW OHDG WR VWDWLV-

WLFDOO\ GLIIHUHQW FRJQLWLYH HYDOXDWLRQV

RU GLYHUVH HPR-

WLRQDODWWLWXGHV

WRZDUGVDQREMHFW

,QVSLWHRIVWDWLVWLFDOLQVLJQL¿FDQFHWKHUHZHUHVRPH

FDVHVRILVRODWHGFRQWURYHUVLHVLQHPRWLRQDODWWLWXGHVWR-

ZDUGV DQ REMHFW 7KH\ SDUWLFXODUO\ UHIHUUHG WR FRQWUDV-

WLYHREMHFWVSLVWDFKLRYLROHWZKHUHRIWKHVXEMHFWV

HYDOXDWHG REMHFWV EHWZHHQ  DQG  SRLQWV QHJDWLYHO\

DQG PRGHUDWHO\ DQG  EHWZHHQ  DQG  SRLQWV

PRGHUDWHO\ RU WRWDOO\QRQQHJDWLYHO\ ,Q WKH FDVH RI

DQ HPRWLRQDO DWWLWXGH WKHUH ZDV D QXPEHU RI VXEMHFWV

ZKRVLJQL¿FDQWO\GLIIHUHGIURPWKHRWKHUVLQWKHLUDVVHVV-

PHQWV7KHUHIRUHZHQRWLFHGWKDWevaluations of exter-

nal features of architecture tend to be differentiated

WRDODUJHH[WHQWKRZHYHULWLVQRWSRVVLEOHWRGH¿QH

DQ\VWDWLVWLFDOUHJXODULWLHVKHUH

,QWKLVUHJDUGWKHPRVWLQWHUHVWLQJLVWKHUHVXOWDFKLHYHGIRU

WKHQRQFRQWUDVWLYHFRORXUVFKHPHZKHUHZHREVHUYHGDUHOD-

WLYHO\KLJKFRQVLVWHQF\RIWKHVXEMHFWVLQWKHLUHPRWLRQDODWWL-

WXGHVWRZDUGVREMHFWV±WKHDWWLWXGHVDUHWRODUJHH[WHQWWRWDOO\

QRQQHJDWLYHZKLFKLVFOHDUO\LQGLFDWHGE\WKHLQVLJQL¿FDQW

LQWHUTXDUWLOHUDQJHQ DURXQGMe KDOIRIWKHVXE-

MHFWVLVLQWKHUDQJHRI±SRLQWVLHWRWDOO\QRQQHJDWLYH

HPRWLRQVDQGDOPRVWHYHU\ERG\DERYHSRLQWVLHLQ WKH

PLGGOHRIWKHVFDOH,WPXVWEHVWDWHGWKDWLQWKLVFDVHZHDOVR

REVHUYHGHYDOXDWLRQVZKLFKZHUHH[WUHPHO\GLVWDQWIURPWKH

PDMRULW\RIWKHVXEMHFWV±WZRSHUVRQVIURPWKHJURXSRI

SHUVRQVORRNLQJDWREMHFWVLQWKLVFRORXUVFKHPHGH¿QLWHO\H[-

SUHVVHGWKHLUQHJDWLYHHPRWLRQVWRZDUGVWKHVHREMHFWV

:H FDQ HDVLO\LPDJLQHWKDW WKHVH WZR SHUVRQVDUH RSLQ-

LRQOHDGHUV

±IRUH[DPSOHZRUOGIDPRXVDUFKLWHFWVZKRGR

QRWWROHUDWHWKHVWDQGDUGZLGHO\NQRZQDQG±DVSURYHGE\

WKHGLVFXVVHGUHVHDUFK±FRPPRQO\DFFHSWHGWRGD\FRORXU

VFKHPH RI EXLOGLQJV 7KH\ FDQ H[SUHVV WKHLU RZQ VHSDUDWH

RSLQLRQ RQ DEXLOGLQJ± WKHRSLQLRQ ZKLFKLV FRQWURYHUVLDO

F nsȘ 

F nsȘ 

$QRSLQLRQOHDGHULVDSHUVRQZKRLVSHUFHLYHGDVDQLQGLYLGXDOUROH

PRGHO EHFDXVH RI WKH SRVW KHOG IXQFWLRQV SHUIRUPHG RU SUHVWLJH DQG

NQRZOHGJHRUZKRVHLQIRUPDWLRQDQGRSLQLRQVDUHVRXJKWIRUE\RWKHUV

3HRSOH ZKR FUHDWH IDVKLRQ SURSDJDWH QHZ ZD\V RI GUHVVLQJ QHZ OLIH-

VW\OHVHWFFDQEHWKHOHDGHUV

DQGGLIIHUHQWIURPDJHQHUDORSLQLRQ,IWKH\DUHLQÀXHQWLDO

YLVLEOHDQGFKDULVPDWLFHQRXJKDIWHUVRPHWLPHJHQHUDORSLQ-

LRQVDERXWWKHGLVFXVVHGQRQFRQWUDVWLYHFRORXUVFKHPHFRXOG

VWDUWFKDQJLQJLQWKHQHJDWLYHGLUHFWLRQ>SS±@>

SS±@7KLVLVLQWHUDOLDKRZWUHQGVDQGIDVKLRQVDUH

VWDUWHGLQDUFKLWHFWXUHDVZHOO

7KHQH[WH[DPLQHGIHDWXUHLHshape – does not sig-

QL¿FDQWO\ GLIIHUHQWLDWH WKH HPRWLRQDO DWWLWXGH WRZDUGV

an object

, but it has a certain meaning for a cognitive

evaluationRI DQ REMHFW



± VPRRWK VKDSHV DUH HYDOXDWHG

PLQLPDOO\PRUHSRVLWLYHO\WKDQWKHVKDUSRQHVKRZHYHULW

LVDQXQXVXDOO\ZHDNHIIHFW

'LYHUVLW\RIIRUPVGRHVQRWVLJQL¿FDQWO\GLIIHUHQWLDWH

HLWKHUWKHHPRWLRQDODWWLWXGHWRZDUGVDQREMHFW



RULWV

cognitive evaluation



WKXV±EULHÀ\VSHDNLQJ±LWGRHVQRW

KDYHDQ\JUHDWVLJQL¿FDQFHLQLWVHYDOXDWLRQ

,WLVSDUWLFXODUO\LQWHUHVWLQJWKDWDWWLWXGHVWRZDUGVEXLOGLQJV

GRQRWGHSHQGRQDGHWHUPLQHGWRWDOFRPELQDWLRQRIDSSHDU-

DQFHIHDWXUHVRIWKHVHEXLOGLQJV



MRLQWO\FRORXUVKDSHDQG

GLYHUVLWLHV,Q RWKHUZRUGV±LWWXUQHGRXWWKDWQRQHRI WKH

EXLOGLQJVZDVHYDOXDWHGVWDWLVWLFDOO\LQDGLIIHUHQWZD\RUGLG

QRWVLJQL¿FDQWO\DURXVHRWKHUHPRWLRQVWKDQDQ\RWKHUEXLOG-

LQJV+RZHYHUHDFKRIWKHPdid lookDELWGLIIHUHQW

)LQDOO\LWLVZRUWKQRWLFLQJWKDWRWKHUWKDQLQWKHFDVHRI

HPRWLRQDODWWLWXGHVFRJQLWLYHHYDOXDWLRQVZHUHFKDUDFWHU-

LVHGE\DUHODWLYHO\HYHQGLVWULEXWLRQRIUHVXOWV%DVLFDOO\

WKHUHZHUHQRFDVHVRIQRQW\SLFDOHYDOXDWLRQV&RJQLWLYH

HYDOXDWLRQVDUHVOLJKWO\PRUHDYHUDJHGWKDQHPRWLRQDODWWL-

WXGHV:HPXVWEHDULQPLQGWKDWWKHFRJQLWLYHVFDOH)LQ-

FOXGHGTXHVWLRQVDERXWDQREMHFWLHZKHWKHULWZDVµQLFH¶

RUµLQWHUHVWLQJ¶,WVHHPVWKDWWKHVXEMHFWVZHUHPRUHPRG-

HUDWHLQVXFKRSLQLRQVWKDQLQWKHDVVHVVPHQWRIWKHLURZQ

HPRWLRQVWRZDUGVREMHFWV

2QWKHRWKHUKDQGRXULQWXLWLRQWHOOVXVWKDWQRWDOOWKHRE-

MHFWVSUHVHQWHGWRWKHVXEMHFWVDUHµWKHVDPH¶QRWDOORIWKHP

ZRXOGEHVWDWLVWLFDOO\HYDOXDWHGLQWKHVDPHZD\HYHQXVLQJ

FDWHJRULHVµQLFH±XJO\¶,IRXUUHVHDUFKLQGLFDWHVWKDWWKHED-

VLVIRURXUDWWLWXGHVWRZDUGVDQREMHFWLVQRWLWVappearance

WKHQZHPXVWDVNZKDWLVLW"3HUKDSVWKHDSSHDUDQFHLWVHOI

LVQRWHQRXJKIRURXUHYDOXDWLRQVWREHVWDWLVWLFDOO\GLIIHUHQW

([WUHPHO\VLJQL¿FDQWLQWKLVUHJDUGZHUHWKHTXHVWLRQVDERXW

DOWHUQDWLYHSUHIHUHQFHV7DEZKLFKLQFOXGHGK\SRWKHWLFDO

YDULDEOHIXQFWLRQVPHDQLQJRIDEXLOGLQJ

Appearance of an object and its function versus

preferences

'XULQJWKHQH[WVWDJHDRQHIDFWRUDQDO\VLVRIYDULDQFH

ZDVFDUULHGRXWZKHUHWKHREMHFW¶VDSSHDUDQFHZDVDIDF-

WRUOHYHOVHDFKREMHFWZDVUHSUHVHQWHGVHSDUDWHO\DQG

VXEVHTXHQW DOWHUQDWLYH SUHIHUHQFHV ZHUH GHSHQGHQW YDUL-

F nsȘ 



F pȘ 



F nsȘ 



F nsȘ 



(IIHFWV RI IDFWRU LQWHUDFWLRQ LQÀXHQFH RQ HPRWLRQDO DWWLWXGHV

F nsȘ HIIHFWVRIIDFWRU LQWHUDFWLRQ LQÀX-

HQFHRQDFRJQLWLYHHYDOXDWLRQF nsȘ 

Are assessment and emotions connected with a building conditioned by its external appearance? 91

DEOHV7KLVDQDO\VLVZDVDLPHGDW¿QGLQJRXWZKHWKHUthe

preference of an object as a dwelling place, workplace,

place of doing the shopping or a building ‘somewhere

in the subject’s town’ may depend on its appearance.

,Q RWKHU ZRUGV ± ZKHWKHU DPRQJ  H[DPLQHG REMHFWV

WKHUHDUHWKH RQHVZKLFKZH ZRXOG SUHIHUDVD GZHOOLQJ

SODFHHWFDVZHOODVWKHRQHVZKLFKLQSDUWLFXODUIXQFWLRQV

ZHZRXOGGH¿QLWHO\QRWSUHIHU

)LJ2EMHFW$FRORXUVDQG\EHLJHUHG±PRVWSUHIHUUHGDV

DGZHOOLQJSODFH

,O2ELHNW$NRORUSLDVNRZ\EHĪRZRF]HUZRQ\±QDMEDUG]LHM

SUHIHURZDQHPLHMVFH]DPLHV]NDQLD

)LJ2EMHFW%FRORXUOLJKWSLVWDFKLRDPHWK\VWYLROHW

±QRWSUHIHUUHGDVDGZHOOLQJSODFH

,O2ELHNW%NRORUSLVWDFMRZR]LHORQ\ILROHWRZ\±QLHSUHIHURZDQ\

MDNRPLHMVFH]DPLHV]NDQLD

)LJ2EMHFW&FRORXURUDQJHEODFN

±QRWSUHIHUUHGDVDGZHOOLQJSODFH

,O2ELHNW&NRORUSRPDUDĔF]RZ\F]DUQ\±QLHSUHIHURZDQ\MDNR

PLHMVFH]DPLHV]NDQLD

)LJ2EMHFW$FRORXUVDQG\EHLJHUHG

±SUHIHUUHGDVDVKRSSLQJPDOO

,O2ELHNW$NRORUSLDVNRZ\EHĪRZRF]HUZRQ\

±SUHIHURZDQ\MDNRJDOHULDKDQGORZD

)LJ2EMHFW&FRORXURUDQJHEODFN±SUHIHUUHGDVDVKRSSLQJPDOO

,O2ELHNW&NRORUSRPDUDĔF]RZ\F]DUQ\

±SUHIHURZDQ\MDNRJDOHULDKDQGORZD

)LJ2EMHFW$FRORXUVDQG\EHLJHUHG±UDWKHUQRWSUHIHUUHGDV

DVKRSSLQJPDOO

,O2ELHNW$NRORUSLDVNRZ\EHĪRZRF]HUZRQ\

±UDF]HMQLHSUHIHURZDQ\MDNRJDOHULDKDQGORZD

92 0LFKDá'ĊEHN

As it turned out, the appearance of an object is sig-

QL¿FDQWDVORQJDVZHDUHWRFKRRVHLWDVRXUSRWHQWLDO

dwelling place

. The most often chosen in this regard

was object A1 (Fig. 3), whereas objects B4 and C3 (Fig. 4

and 5) were the least popular. These are the only actually

VLJQL¿FDQWGLIIHUHQFHV

Similarly, it turned out that the appearance of an ob-

MHFWLVVLJQL¿FDQWDVORQJDVZHDUHWRFKRRVHLWDVRXU

potential place of doing the shopping, shopping mall

+HUH GH¿QLWHO\ PRVW SUHIHUUHG DQG VXUSULVLQJO\ XQDQL-

mously!) were objects A4 and C4 (Fig. 6 and 7). The least

preferred was object A2 (Fig. 8), although the response

median here was ‘I don’t know’. These are the only actu-

DOO\VLJQL¿FDQWGLIIHUHQFHV

6WDWLVWLFDOO\VLJQL¿FDQWHIIHFWF p < 0.05; Ș

0.052

*DPHV+RZHOO7HVW

F p Ș 

On the other hand, the appearance of an object was not

VLJQL¿FDQW if we were to choose it as our workplace

a building ‘somewhere in my town’

It is worth adding that, as it turned out, virtually each pre-

sented object was preferred or not depending on the hypothet-

LFDOIXQFWLRQLWZDVJLYHQ. Not all of the objects could be ‘to

WKHVDPHH[WHQW¶DVKRSSLQJPDOODQGDÀDW)RULQVWDQFHWKH

greatest discrepancies were observed in preferences towards

object C3 (Fig. 5). Comparison of the four alternative prefer-

HQFHVVKRZHGDVWURQJVWDWLVWLFDOO\VLJQL¿FDQWGLIIHUHQWLDWLRQ

±WKLVREMHFWZDVJLYHQDYHU\ORZUDWHRISUHIHUHQFHDVDÀDW

but very high as a shop or workplace. Similar results were

obtained for preferences towards object C4 (Fig. 7). Object

A4 (Fig. 6), which was preferred as a shopping mall, was not

accepted as a place of dwelling.

F ns; Ș 

F ns; Ș 

ȤN GI p < 0.001

Discussion of results

:KDWLVWKHPHDQLQJRIWKHDIRUHPHQWLRQHGUHVXOWV",W

is unlikely that a mere differentiation of formal character-

istics of architectural objects such as colour, shape or di-

YHUVLW\LQFOXGLQJWKHLUVSHFL¿F LQWHUDFWLRQFRXOGVLJQL¿-

cantly differentiate attitudes towards these objects. Formal

IHDWXUHVGRQRWVLJQL¿FDQWO\GLIIHUHQWLDWHDQHPRWLRQDODW-

titude towards objects or a cognitive evaluation of objects;

therefore, in other words, statistically it does not matter

ZKHWKHUWKHFRORXURIDEXLOGLQJLVIRUH[DPSOHVDOPRQ

\HOORZRUDQJHEODFNRUSLVWDFKLRYLROHW±WKHVXEMHFWV¶

attitudes towards all of these objects did not statistically

differ! The emotional attitude or cognitive evaluation in the

case of all of these objects, which were obviously different,

was almost identical – on average 12 points on the emo-

tion scale (F1) and 13 points on the cognitive evaluation

scale (F2). This means that all the buildings, regardless their

colour (and other features) were cognitively ‘medium-posi-

WLYH¶DQGHPRWLRQDOO\WKH\GH¿QLWHO\GLGQRWDURXVHQHJDWLYH

emotions. These results are even more interesting if we take

into account the fact that each object was evaluated sepa-

rately, while each subject looked at one object only (thus,

there were no possibilities of comparative judgments on

the assumption that ‘basically, all of these buildings are the

same’ because each participant did not see any other objects

apart from the one that was shown to him). Therefore, to put

it simply, we can say that all the objects were evaluated as

similarly good. This of course does not exclude some con-

troversies which can result from the existence of persons

who distinctly ‘get out of line’ when compared with others

(the aforementioned untypical cases of evaluation).

$Q H[FHSWLRQ DPRQJ LQVLJQL¿FDQW IHDWXUHV RI DS-

pearance is shape, which differentiates, although very

slightly, a cognitive evaluation of an object. Sharp

shapes were cognitively evaluated by the majority of the

subjects slightly lower than smooth shapes (M IRU

sharp, M IRUVPRRWK+RZHYHUZHPXVWEHDULQ

mind that such results mean that both objects with sharp

shapes as well as with smooth ones are evaluated above

WKHPLGGOHRIWKHVFDOHSRLQWV:HFDQFRQFOXGHWKDW

both types of objects were evaluated differently, but all

of them received mostly positive evaluations.

Although the appearance of a building itself does not

‘decide’ about attitudes towards it, we must admit that in

VRPHVSHFL¿FFDVHVSUHIHUHQFHVWRZDUGVGLIIHUHQWLDWHGDV

UHJDUGVWKHIRUPREMHFWVDUHVLJQL¿FDQWO\GLIIHUHQW7KLVLV

the case when an object was supposed to be a potential place

of dwelling (however, this principle is not strong or unam-

biguous). It is similar with an object which is supposed to

be a potential shopping mall. The obtained results make us

suppose that whether an object is preferred or not is decided

by the ‘adequacy’ of its appearance to its possible function

and not by its appearance per se. In addition to that, we can

see that acceptability of a building which has a particular

appearance may differ to a large extent, depending on what

this building was supposed to be in reality (place of dwell-

ing, place of doing the shopping, etc.).

Differences in preferences seem to be connected with

the level of representativeness of a given object as an

example of a particular category (e.g. ‘dwelling place’,

‘shopping mall’) in the subjects’ minds. This interpreta-

tion could account for the preference of a building which

is the most similar to other buildings known to the subjects

from their everyday life as a possible dwelling place, and

objects which remind modern shopping malls as places of

doing the shopping. These are simply the objects which

are the most ‘adapted’ to what we already know.

This interpretation can be additionally supported by

WKHIDFWWKDWWKHUHLVQRVLJQL¿FDQWGLIIHUHQWLDWLRQLQWKH

case of alternative preferences as regards a possible

workplace or just any ‘building in my town’. Perhaps,

VXFK FRJQLWLYH FDWHJRULHV DUH UHODWLYHO\ GLI¿FXOW WR DF-

WLYDWH YHU\ ZHDNO\ GH¿QHG DQG VWUXFWXUDOL]HG RU WRR

Are assessment and emotions connected with a building conditioned by its external appearance? 93

broad. What should, in fact, ‘a building in my town’

look like? The majority of people will certainly answer:

‘it depends what kind of building’. Hence, each object

can be ‘equally good’ or ‘equally bad’, as an example of

a category which for various reasons is not easily acces-

sible cognitively. In other words, the subjects do not have

easily accessible and concretized mental categories of

a typical building – workplace, so it is hard for them to

DVVHVV ZKLFK RI WKH SUHVHQWHG REMHFWV µ¿WV¶ LQ WKLV FDW-

egory better and which worse. Therefore, all of them are

statistically evaluated by them in the same way.

When the subjects are asked to evaluate the buildings

which were not ascribed any meaning (even the simplest

function), then, like in the case of the questions about

emotions and cognitive evaluations, each building is as-

sessed rather positively, regardless of what it looks like.

Summary

The aforementioned research results indicate that aes-

thetic features such as colour, shape or diversity are

probably not independent and basic criteria which

we use when evaluating architectural objects. Each

colour scheme and shape of a building is basically equal-

ly ‘good’ until these features are combined with other

non-formal attributes of an object.

According to our own research, the attribute that

can decisively change the reception of a given build-

ing is its function 7KH DSSHDUDQFH FDQ EH VLJQL¿FDQW

two ways. Firstly, for example, particular, smoothly

shaped buildings in orange-black or pistachio-violet co-

lour scheme are less preferred as dwelling places than

a simply shaped salmon-sand building. Secondly, for

example, a smoothly shaped diverse building in orange-

black colour scheme can be accepted and preferred as

a potential shopping mall and at the same time rejected

DVDSRWHQWLDOEORFNRIÀDWV7KHUHIRUH¿UVWO\LWLVSRV-

sible that a particularly looking building is more pre-

ferred in a given function than other buildings; secondly,

a particularly looking building in some functions can be

visibly accepted by people and at the same time in other

functions it can be decisively unaccepted.

In the research conducted by the CBOS [7], Poles indi-

cated that the appearance is important, but there are fac-

tors even more important such as safety and the price of

a potential dwelling place. This seems quite probable. Ac-

cording to our own research, the appearance is important,

but only when we combine it with other features and even

then it does not constitute a decisive criterion of the object

HYDOXDWLRQ7KLVFDQEHDVLJQL¿FDQWSUDFWLFDOKLQWIRUGH-

signers that ought to be taken into account.

Of course, we must bear in mind that the results of the

aforementioned research cannot be representative for the

whole Polish population although they show some prob-

able tendencies in relations man-architecture.

Our research results indicate that probably it would be

GLI¿FXOWWRDVVXPHWKDWFRORXUVRUVKDSHVLQWKHPVHOYHV

are universal as far as meaning is concerned and are (psy-

chologically) understood inter-subjectively. We must ad-

mit that there are many limitlessly formulated colloquial

hypotheses that are aimed just at this direction, for ex-

ample, ‘yellow colour raises your spirits’, ‘blue calms

you down’, ‘green is smoothing’, ‘black means nega-

tive things’ (however, luxury goods are very often black,

which adds to their elegance though!). These hypotheses

enjoy constant popularity and are gladly promoted in

various mass-media. Thus, we must remember that an

attitude towards a colour or shape as features is probably

inextricably linked with an object itself as well as with

the semantic, physical and psychological context. It is

similar in the case of attitudes towards objects that are

diverse and non-diverse formally. To put it simply, we

can conclude that the appearance itself is not important

for us; what is really important is the appearance in

a particular context.

References

[1] Aronson E., Wilson T.D., Akert R.M., 3V\FKRORJLD VSRáHF]QD,

=\VNL6ND3R]QDĔ

[2] Bachmann K., :\ZURWRZH NUDVQDOH ]DPLHQLRQR Z WXU\VW\-

F]Q\ NLF], available from: http://wroclaw.gazeta.pl/wro-

claw/1,35751,9369054 [accessed: 04.04.2011].

>@%DĔND$ 6SRáHF]QD SV\FKRORJLD ĞURGRZLVNRZD, Wydawnictwo

Naukowe Scholar, Warszawa 2002.

[4] Bell P.A., Greene T.C., Fisher J.D., Baum A., Psychologia

ĞURGRZLVNRZD*:3*GDĔVN

[5] Bloch P., Seeking the ideal form: Product design and consumer

response, “Journal of Marketing” 1995, No. 3 (59), pp. 16–29.

[6] Bomersbach J., Solpol do kasacji, 2011, available from: http://www.

otowroclaw.com/news.php?id=57837 [accessed: 04.04.2011].

>@&HQWUXP%DGDQLD2SLQLL6SRáHF]QHM-DN3RODF\PLHV]NDMąDMDN

FKFLHOLE\PLHV]NDü, BS/120/2010, CBOS, Warszawa 2010.

>@&HQWUXP %DGDQLD 2SLQLL 6SRáHF]QHM 3RODF\ R DUFKLWHNWXU]H,

BS/134/2010, CBOS, Warszawa 2010.

[9] Crilly N., Moultrie J., Clarkson J., Seeing things: consumer re-

sponse to the visual domain in product design, “Design Studies”

2004, No. 6 (25), pp. 547–577.

[10] Gifford R., Environmental psychology and sustainable develop-

ment: expansion, maturation, and challenges, “Journal of Social

Issues” 2007, No. 1 (63), pp. 199–212.

[11] Gifford R., Environmental psychology: Manifold visions, unity of

purpose, “Journal of Environmental Psychology” 2009, No. 29, pp.

387–389.

Translated by

%RJXVáDZ6HWNRZLF]

94 0LFKDá'ĊEHN

>@ .QDSLN%:URFáDZ6ROSROPDE\üZ\EXU]RQ\DYDLODEOHIURPKWWS

ZZZJD]HWDZURFODZVNDSOVWURQDJORZQDZURFODZVROSRO

PDE\FZ\EXU]RQ\LGWKWPO"FRRNLH >DFFHVVHG@

>@ 2PLODQRZVND02G3LUDPLGGR*XVWD3RODFFR³$UFKLWHNWXUD±

0XUDWRU´1RSS±

>@ 0DUXV]HZVNL73V\FKRORJLDSR]QDQLD*:3*GDĔVN

>@ 1DVDU - 8UEDQ GHVLJQ DHVWKHWLFV 7KH HYDOXDWLYH TXDOLWLHV RI

EXLOGLQJ H[WHULRUV ³(QYLURQPHQW DQG %HKDYLRU´  1R 

SS±

>@ 1ĊFND(2U]HFKRZVNL-6]\PXUD%3V\FKRORJLDSR]QDZF]D

3:1:DUV]DZD

>@ 3UDWNDQLV$$URQVRQ(:LHNSURSDJDQG\3:1:DUV]DZD

>@ 6WRNROV'(QYLURQPHQWDOSV\FKRORJ\³$QQXDO5HYLHZRI3V\

FKRORJ\´1RSS±

>@ 7RU]0:URFáDZ6ROSRO]RVWDQLHZ\EXU]RQ\7RMXĪSHZQHDYDLO

DEOH IURP KWWSZZZJD]HWDZURFODZVNDSOVWURQDJORZQD

ZURFODZVROSRO]RVWDQLHZ\EXU]RQ\WRMX]SHZQHLGWKWPO>DFFHVVHG

@

>@ :RMFLV]NH%&]áRZLHNZĞUyGOXG]L=DU\VSV\FKRORJLLVSRáHF]QHM

:\GDZQLFWZR1DXNRZH6FKRODU:DUV]DZD

>@ =HLVHO -,QTXLU\E\GHVLJQWRROV IRU HQYLURQPHQWEHKDYLRU UH

VHDUFK&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV&DPEULGJH

&]\RRFHQLHLHPRFMDFK]ZLą]DQ\FK]EXG\QNLHPGHF\GXMHMHJRZ\JOąG]HZQĊWU]Q\"

3RVWDZ\ZREHF]UyĪQLFRZDQ\FKIRUPDOQLHRELHNWyZDUFKLWHNWRQLF]Q\FK

$UW\NXá GRW\F]\ SV\FKRORJLF]Q\FK DVSHNWyZ RGELRUX RELHNWyZ DU

FKLWHNWRQLF]Q\FK LVWRWQ\FK XZDUXQNRZDĔ UHODFML F]áRZLHN–DUFKLWHN

WXUD 3U]HGPLRWHP ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLD DXWRUD Vą RFHQ\ XVWRVXQNRZDQLH

HPRFMRQDOQH L GHNODUDFMH ]DFKRZDĔ ZREHF UyĪQLąF\FK VLĊ Z\JOąGHP

]HZQĊWU]Q\PRELHNWyZ2PyZLRQRWXF]ĊĞüSURMHNWXEDGDZF]HJRÄ8ZD

UXQNRZDQLDSRVWDZZREHFRELHNWyZDUFKLWHNWRQLF]Q\FK´UHDOL]RZDQH

JR SU]H] DXWRUD Z ODWDFK – 6]F]HJyOQ\ QDFLVN SRáRĪRQR QD

PRĪOLZLH V\QWHW\F]QH RPyZLHQLH SV\FKRORJLF]Q\FK SRGVWDZ VSRVWU]H

JDQLDRELHNWyZRUD]SRMĊFLDGHNODURZDQ\FKZREHFQLFKSRVWDZ=DSUH

]HQWRZDQRNOXF]RZHHOHPHQW\DXWRUVNLHJRVFKHPDWXVWUXNWXUDOL]XMąFHJR

KLSRWHW\F]QHGHWHUPLQDQW\SRVWDZZREHFRELHNWyZDUFKLWHNWRQLF]Q\FK

=DVDGQLF]ą F]ĊĞü DUW\NXáX VWDQRZL QDWRPLDVW SUH]HQWDFMD L RPyZLHQLH

Z\QLNyZ DXWRUVNLFK EDGDĔ SRVWDZ ZREHF RNUHĞORQ\FK RELHNWyZ ,FK

]ZLHĔF]HQLHPMHVWSUyEDRGSRZLHG]LQD S\WDQLH„&]\FHFK\Z\JOąGX

WDNLHMDNNV]WDáWNRORULUyĪQRURGQRĞüEU\á\PDMąGHF\GXMąFH]QDF]HQLH

ZRFHQLHRELHNWXDUFKLWHNWRQLF]QHJR"´

Key words:DWWLWXGHVWRZDUGVREMHFWVDVVHVVPHQWRIDUFKLWHFWXUDOREMHFWV

HYDOXDWLRQRIEXLOGLQJVHQYLURQPHQWDOSV\FKRORJ\SHUFHSWLRQRIDUFKLWHF

WXUHDHVWKHWLFDOSUHIHUHQFHV

6áRZDNOXF]RZHSRVWDZ\ZREHFRELHNWyZRFHQDRELHNWyZDUFKLWHN

WRQLF]Q\FK HZDOXDFMD EXG\QNyZ SV\FKRORJLD ĞURGRZLVNRZD VSR

VWU]HJDQLHDUFKLWHNWXU\SUHIHUHQFMHHVWHW\F]QH

Czy o ocenie i emocjach związanych z budynkiem decyduje jego wygląd zewnętrzny? Postawy wobec zróżnicowanych formalnie obiektów architektonicznych

Michał Dębek

doi:10.5277/arc120109

Streszczenie