Muzeum Jana Heweliusza oraz Nauki Gdańskiej w poddaszach kościoła św. Katarzyny w Gdańsku – obchody roku Heweliusza

Elżbieta Ratajczyk-Piątkowska, Ksenia Piątkowska

doi:10.5277/arc120218

Streszczenie

Rok 2011 został ogłoszony Rokiem Heweliuszowskim. W Gdańsku, na Starym Mieście, nieopodal najstarszego gdańskiego kościoła św. Katarzyny i Ratusza Staromiejskiego, w kamienicach przy ul. Korzennej mieściło się obserwatorium Jana Heweliusza. Do dziś w kościele św. Katarzyny znajduje się grobowiec astronoma. W maju 2006 r. w wyniku nagłego pożaru spłonęły dachy kościoła. Ceglana wieża, szczyty dachów i sklepienia zachowały swoją formę, lecz wymagały remontu. Niestety cała struktura dachów kościoła, drewniana konstrukcja i ich forma przestrzenna zostały całkowicie strawione przez pożar. W tej tragicznej sytuacji podjęto decyzję o rekonstrukcji dachów kościoła zgodnej z zachowanymi fotografiami, przedstawiającymi dachy z sygnaturką i lukarną, z okresu przed wcześniejszym pożarem w 1905 r. W projekcie odbudowy przyjęto nowoczesną konstrukcję dachów – stalową nad prezbiterium i drewnianą z drewna klejonego nad nawą główną i nad kaplicami kościoła. W nowo powstałym przestronnym wnętrzu poddasza postanowiono utworzyć Muzeum Heweliusza i Nauki Gdańskiej, zachowując jednocześnie niezmiennie funkcję sakralną kościoła. Dwoma głównymi problemami, z jakimi należało się zmierzyć przy wykonywaniu projektu Muzeum, były kontrowersje związane z faktem łączenia dotychczasowej funkcji sakralnej kościoła z funkcją świecką – muzealną oraz brak dostępności poddasza dla potencjalnych zwiedzających. Zabytkowy kościół zlokalizowany jest w bezpośrednim sąsiedztwie rzeki Raduni i zabudowań klasztornych, między ul. Katarzynki i Profesorską. Aby umożliwić zwiedzającym wygodny i bezpieczny dostęp do muzeum zaproponowano budowę nowego, niezależnego budynku wejściowego stojącego na kanale rzeki w oddaleniu od kościoła. Budynek wejściowy połączono z kościołem łącznikiem zawieszonym na poziomie poddasza trafiającym w zrekonstruowaną lukarnę dachu. Rozwiązanie to pozwoliło zachować zabytkowość otoczenia i nie zakłóciło pola ekspozycji historycznej bryły obiektu. Ponieważ do dzisiaj zachowało się niewiele przedmiotów z wyposażenia pracowni gdańskich uczonych, Muzeum Heweliusza i Nauki Gdańskiej będzie miało charakter ekspozycji interaktywnej. Główną atrakcją ekspozycji będą zachowane: malarstwo elewacyjne kościoła oraz odkryta konstrukcja średniowiecznych sklepień.

Słowa kluczowe:
muzeum
św.-katarzyna
„puste-kościoły”

Podgląd pełnego artykułu jest możliwy wyłącznie na większych ekranach.

Pełny artykuł

The problem of preservation of the European

ecclesiastical heritage in the light of social and

cultural changes

The secularization of social life in Europe results in

a lower number of priestly vocations and fewer people ac-

tively participating in the church life. At the same time,

the reality of market economy reduces the possibility of

preserving and maintaining all original church buildings in

proper condition. There has appeared the phenomenon of

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ical, and artistic value which have lost their ecclesiastical

function. Their preservation requires a new use. Further-

more, the necessity of maintaining church buildings, with

decreasing income from parishes, subsidies from the state

or foundations, is the reason why the church space is more

and more frequently used for commercial purposes.

The problem of preserving the cultural heritage of

the European “empty churches”

The new use of church buildings usually includes in-

troducing alternative cultural or exhibition functions inside

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er with a hall for performances, concerts, and exposition of

contemporary art has been under construction since 2007

(completion due in 2013) [7]. In Brussels, in the extended

Baroque church, which from 1667 for about 400 years

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was opened in 2007 with a hall for theatrical performances

with 100 seats, with rooms for musicians and dancers, a

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– the Johannes Hevelius Year celebration

Introduction

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version was designed by arch. Andrea Bruno [2].

The space of “empty churches” is used equally for cul-

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-century

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Holland after its renovation, in the place of earlier bicy-

cle parking space; Tesco Express supermarket has been

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church Westbourne. In 2005, a 15

-century Gothic church

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ecclesiastical functions, was converted to serve the hotel

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ception, foyer, lobby, library, conference rooms and a res-

taurant were designed inside the church. The hotel rooms

are in the monastic buildings (Fig. 1). The conversion was

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studios and apartments. Good examples include a private

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signed by Zecc Architecten in the church which still in

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All those examples of new use regard buildings which

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dred, a few dozen or even a few years although they were

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are based on a reliable reconstruction of the body of the

church, including sometimes also its interior with original

furnishings. The scope of architectural intervention in the

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2012

No. 2(32)

DOI: 10.5277/arc120218

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church space is very broad – ranging from divisions into

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church. All of these changes result from the functional re-

quirements of the new use [6].

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The program of commemoration of Johannes

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the church space for commercial purposes

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dates back to the 12

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century, is considered the old-

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from the turn of the 14

and 15

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burned down. Its brick tower, gable walls, and vaults sur-

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structure of the church roofs, their wood construction, and

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versity of Technology put forward a proposal to open the

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reconstructed attics of the church.

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astronomer also lived [3, p. 100]. He would make his ob-

servations of the sky also from the platform on the nearby

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54, 55 which belonged to the astronomer were not rebuilt.

The walls of the townhouses were demolished in 1956 and

the residential buildings with commercial space on the

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At present, the city intends to dedicate the public space

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the stops on the education and tourist footpath, promot-

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seminary section to be located in the reconstructed attics

of the church

The exhibition potential of the attics

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After war damage in 1945, the walls of the church were

covered with a roof made of wood supported on a steel-re-

inforced concrete frame structure. The idea of the recon-

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dormer and a ridge turret [3, p. 104] (Fig. 2). The design of

the reconstruction was developed on the basis of old pho-

tographs illustrating the roof from before 1905. Various

construction solutions were applied. The roof above the

presbytery has no hatchways or windows and it is made

of steel trusses supported on original columns and walls,

whereas the roof above the nave and side chapels is made

of glued laminated wood.

The reconstructed attics provide space sections, which

are not uniform, separated by brick gable walls:

– space above the presbytery is divided into three

rooms by the roof valleys with original window opening

with wooden louvers in the east gable walls which pro-

vides little natural light. The level of that part of the at-

tics is higher than the level of the attics above the nave

and it is accessible from the level of the south part of the

church nave by the existing, original, circular, stone stairs

and from the level of the attics above the nave by a newly

designed staircase;

– space above the nave and side chapels. It is a single-

space room of monumental proportions, 25.04×23.50 me-

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original brick gable walls, with a new roof made of wood

and discrete natural lighting allowed through the windows

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sible from the level of the tower rooms;

– tower rooms, south and north, which provide sepa-

rate cozy exposition spaces at present partly used by the

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The various space potential of individual sections of

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planned museum.

The section of the attics above the presbytery, with nat-

urally shaped three rooms, was offered to hold small audi-

ence temporary thematic exhibitions and rooms for open

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exposition program of the museum, the original cornice

with some fragment of the original vault will be exposed

in the south section of west gable wall of the presbytery

as well as the original west brick gable walls of the attics

illustrating the history of the place.

A “museum of one exhibit” is planned in the section

of the attics above the nave, in the room increasing the

element of surprise and admiration for its monumentality,

in order to make the most of the uniqueness of the place,

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nes Hevelius as the central point of the interior composi-

tion suspended in the air and connected with the spherical

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vaults of the chapels, the original brick gable walls as well

as the new wooden roof truss, providing the interior with

a unique character and rhythmic order of the division of

the roof planes, are worth exhibiting in the south section

of the attics. The tower rooms still hold the exposition of

tower clocks.

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– the problem of accessibility of the museum space

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MillDQG0Dá\0á\Q6PDOO0LOO) as well as historicizing

postwar houses. Apart from the church the plot is at the

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a storage annex constructed after World War II located di-

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roof ridge parallel to its axis (Fig. 4). Originally – accord-

ing to the plan by Buhse – there were no buildings on the

FKXUFKSORW)LJ2QWKHRWKHUVLGHRIWKH5DGXQLD5LYHU

canal, there are historicizing postwar buildings. The very

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6WUHHWSXEOLFIURP.DWDU]\QNL6WUHHWDQGSULYDWHIURPWKH

monastic court. The longitudinal axis of the church nave

LVSDUDOOHOWRWKHD[LVRI.DWDU]\QNL6WUHHWDQGWKHUHLVD

row of side chapels incorporated into the church between

.DWDU]\QNL6WUHHWDQGWKHQDYH

The conversion of the church attics into the museum

resulted in the necessary design of the entrance from the

ground level to the level of the attics which would not

disturb the church function. The existing stairwells of the

FKXUFKGRQRWPHHWWKHEDVLFVDIHW\UHTXLUHPHQWV3XEOLF

buildings – in this case a museum – are required to provide

safety, emergency exits, and accessibility of the museum

rooms for the disabled by designing evacuation staircases

with appropriate parameters and elevators. A number of

variants of the connection between the reconstructed attics

and the existing ground level around the church have been

analyzed. As it was required to maintain the privacy of the

monastic space and the structure of the church interior,

the entrance to the museum could be located only from

.DWDU]\QNL 6WUHHW 7KH SRVVLELOLW\ RI EXLOGLQJ DQ HPHU-

JHQF\JOD]HGVWDLUFDVHDGMDFHQWWRWKHZDOORIWKHFKXUFK

IURP .DWDU]\QNL 6WUHHW LQ WKH SODFH RI WKH KLVWRULFDO EXW

not existing any more extension has also been analyzed.

That staircase would lead to the tower rooms. An alterna-

tive possibility of building an emergency staircase with an

HOHYDWRUVKDIWLQLQGLYLGXDOFKDSHOVIURP.DWDU]\QNL6WUHHW

has also been considered. All of these variants of the en-

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the building structure or its use as a church, so they could

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the church attics required the layout of the rooms with full

hygiene facilities for the visitors which in the opinion of

WKH &DUPHOLWHV ZRXOG GLVWXUE WKH FKXUFK IXQFWLRQ RI WKH

building. It was agreed then that the location and the his-

torical structure of the building generate such a big distur-

bance of its church function that it is practically impos-

sible to convert the reconstructed attics for the purposes

of public use.

The analysis of urban and historical context of

WKHVXUURXQGLQJRI6W&DWKHULQH¶V&KXUFK

– problem of accessibility of the museum space

The assumptions of the accessibility of the museum

VSDFHIURP.DWDU]\QNL6WUHHWDQGWKHH[HFXWLRQRIWKHIXOO

interior space program of the museum within the body of

the church prove unreal, however, the space and exposition

potential of the reconstructed attics required some new use.

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as well as the maintaining of the views and historical expo-

sure of the original body of the church have been analyzed.

The analysis covered the area of 50 and 75 meter radius,

LQFOXGLQJERWKVKRUHVRIWKH5DGXQLD5LYHUFDQDO7KHH[-

isting spatial structure around the church and the monas-

tery has been analyzed too; such characteristic dimensional

parameters and features as the direction of roof ridges and

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FDQDOKDYHEHHQLGHQWL¿HG7KHREVHUYDWLRQVLQGLFDWHGWKDW

WKHQRUWKFKXUFKIDoDGHDGMDFHQWWRWKHPRQDVWLFVSDFHLV

H[SRVHGRQO\IURPWKHSHUVSHFWLYHRI:LHONLH0á\Q\6WUHHW

because there is only a few meter wide clearance reduc-

ing the view between the existing buildings of the oppo-

site shore of the canal and the monastic building (Fig. 5).

Furthermore, the layout of the historical buildings in that

DUHDZDVDOVRWKRURXJKO\YHUL¿HGRQWKHEDVLVRIRULJLQDO

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5LYHUFDQDORQWKHDUHDLQTXHVWLRQ7KHUHLVDSKRWRJUDSK

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+LVWRULFDO%XLOGLQJVLQ*GDĔVNSUHVHQWLQJWKH³+RXVHE\

WKH5DGXQLD5LYHU&DQDO´

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The research results were the basis of the development

of the architectural concept drawings of the new entrance

to the museum building on the river canal, within the space

between the existing monastic buildings and the buildings

on the opposite shore of the canal (at present the head-

TXDUWHUVRIWKH3ROLVK)LVKLQJ8QLRQ36:7KHHQWUDQFH

WRWKHGHVLJQHGEXLOGLQJIURP:LHONLH0á\Q\6WUHHWZDV

provided by a footbridge suspended above water along the

canal wall (Fig. 5). The delivery driveway was designed

IURPWKH3=:SDUNLQJORWORFDWHGRQWKHFDQDOVKRUHRSSR-

site the monastery. All functions of the museum that might

disturb the sacredness of the church were located in the

new building. The form of the entrance building was fused

directly to the attics of the church with a horizontal link

suspended above the area of the monastery (Fig. 5). The

spatial and material solutions of the link guaranteed the

maintaining of the privacy of the existing monastic space.

The designed link is connected directly with the recon-

structed dormer in north plane of the church roof without

disturbing its reconstructed form. The reconstructed attics

will provide some museum space for expositions and sem-

inars, making the most of the interior space. The solutions

applied in the design eliminated the disturbance between

the new use of the attics and the sacredness of the church,

and the link going through the reconstructed dormer guar-

DQWHHGWKHPDLQWDLQLQJRIWKHIXOOKLVWRULFDOFKDUDFWHURI6W

&DWKHULQH¶V&KXUFKLQWKHVFRSHRIVSDFHPDWHULDOVDQG

exposure in the urban fabric.

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References

[1] buma, %XG\QNL ] GUXJLHM UĊNL %U\áD*D]HWDGRPSO DFFHVV

14.01.2010).

[2] KB, =DPLHV]NDü Z GRPX ERĪ\P %U\áD*D]HWDGRPSO DFFHVV



>@ .XFKDUVNL - 'DZQ\ *GDĔVN ± $OEXP IRWRJUD¿L, Ossolineum

1993.

>@ .XFKDUVNL-)RWRJUD¿HGDZQHJR*GDĔVND.DWDORJ=ELRUyZ)R-

WRJUD¿F]Q\FK%LEOLRWHNL*GDĔVNLHM3ROVNLHM$NDGHPLL1DXN2VVR-

OLQHXP¿JV

>@ .XĞQLHU].UXSD' .UXSD 0 1RZH Ī\FLHĞUHGQLRZLHF]Q\FK NR-

ĞFLRáyZ]0DDVWULFKW ³:LDGRPRĞFL.RQVHUZDWRUVNLH´  1R

24, pp. 103–106.

>@ 7RPF]DN 0 ĩ\FLH Z NRĞFLHOH, „Architektura i Biznes”, 2011,

1RSS±

>@ KWWSZZZFHQWUXPVZMDQDSOSURMHNWUHZDORU\]DFMLLDGDSWDFML

(access: 10.10.2010).

>@ KWWSZZZGH]HHQFRPDFFHVV

[9] http://www.miesarch.com (access: 14.01.2012).

>@KWWSZZZVDWLMQSOXVQODFFHVV

>@KWWSZZZWUyMPLDVWRSODFFHVV

6XPPDU\

The conversions of “empty churches”, the buildings

of considerable cultural, historical, and artistic value do

not regard only the conservation issues of maintaining that

value. In the opinion of the public the new use should re-

spect the ecclesiastical history of the buildings. The func-

tions of high prestige – culture-producing, museum or ex-

hibition – are accepted. The commercial functions of low

social esteem such as supermarkets are rarely approved in

church interiors.

A different issue regards the permanent or temporary

use of the church space for other than church functions,

caused by the reality of operating in market economy. In

this case, apart from the conservation problems connected

with the maintaining of the historical value of the build-

LQJVWKHUHLVDFRQÀLFWEHWZHHQVDFUHGQHVVRIWKHFKXUFK

and the requirements imposed by the character of the new

XVHEHWZHHQWKHVDFUHGDQGWKHSURIDQH6RPHWLPHVWKHVH

antinomies exclude the possibility of the commercial use

of the attractive church space.

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