Organy piszczałkowe auli Technische Hochschule Breslau (Politechniki Wrocławskiej)

Karol Czajka-Giełdon, Krystyna Kirschke

doi:10.37190/arc250407

Streszczenie

W niniejszym tekście zarysowana została historia organów wybudowanych przez firmę Gebrüder Rieger w 1929 r. dla auli Technische Hochschule Breslau. Instrument ten stanowił istotną część oryginalnego wyposażenia budynku głównego uczelni technicznej we Wrocławiu.

Artykuł przedstawia okoliczności powstania instrumentu, jego specyfikację techniczną oraz losy w kolejnych dekadach. Omówiono również kontekst architektoniczny auli oraz znaczenie organów w życiu kulturalnym uczelni.

Słowa kluczowe

organy piszczałkowe, Politechnika Wrocławska, Gebrüder Rieger, aula, historia muzyki

2025

4(84)

Karol Czajka-Giełdon*, Krystyna Kirschke**

Pipe organ of the Aula of the Technische Hochschule Breslau

(Wrocław University of Science and Technology)

DOI: 10.37190/arc250407

Published in open access. CC BY NC ND license

Abstract

This text outlines the history of the organ built by Gebrüder Rieger in 1929 for the auditorium of the Technische Hochschule Breslau. The in-

strument was an important part of the hall’s original design, serving to add splendour to academic events and to conduct music and teaching classes

at the Institute of Music Technology – the only body of its kind within the structure of a technical university in the Weimar Republic. As a result of

the destruction that engulfed the whole of Wrocław in the nal phase of the Second World War, the surviving organ was a valuable possession of the

newly opened Polish university in Polish Wrocław. It was repaired and has served for many years of concerts, embedding itself into the city’s cultural

landscape. During the remodelling of the auditorium in the 1970s, it was relocated as redundant to the St Mary Magdalene Church in Wrocław, which

had been rebuilt from ruin and was deprived of its organ as a result of the war. After a short period of use in their new location, the organ was vandal-

ized and remains out of service. The way in which the instrument is situated in the church betrays the ad hoc and makeshift nature of this arrangement,

and its current state calls for swift and decisive remedial action. The organ has historic value today and still retains the potential for possible revalori-

sation and restoration of its primary musical function. This text features a conservation analysis of this object and the possibility of its worthy display

in accordance with current conservation standards in its original location, the auditorium of the Wrocław University of Science and Technology.

Key words: organ, relocation, revaluation, architecture, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Technische Hochschule Breslau

Introduction

This article discusses the organ in the auditorium of the

main building of the Technische Hochschule Breslau (now

the Wrocław University of Science and Technology). The

goal of the authors was to retrace the history of this spe-

cial cultural heritage asset, a musical instrument that is now

almost a century old. In the literature there is a dearth of

detailed studies on this asset, with the exception of a small

publication from its construction period, Die Musik an der

Technischen Hochschule zu Breslau, nebst Würdigung ihrer

Orgel (Matzke 1929), and the work Breslauer Orgeln in

Weltlichen Räume (Subel 2015).

Built by the Gebrüder Rieger company in 1929 to en

hance the splendour of university ceremonies and concerts,

the organ survived the Second World War in a slightly dam-

aged state. When, after the Potsdam Conference, Breslau

became part of Poland, the city’s broadly understood recon-

struction was initiated. A Polish University and Polytechnic

University were established in 1945, based in buildings left

by the Germans. Although the renovation of the organ was

not a priority, it succeeded when the decision was made to

hold the World Congress of Intellectuals in Defence of Peace

in the auditorium of the Wrocław University of Science and

Technology (WUST) in 1948. Over the following years the

instrument was also used for non-university events, but in

the 1970s, by decision of the WUST Senate, the organ was

given to the State Philharmonics in Wrocław. The organ

was ultimately installed in the Wrocław Polish Catholic of

St Mary Magdalene, which had lost its main organ in a blast

shortly after the conclusion of the Second World War. This

relocation allowed the organisation of the cyclical Wratisla-

via Cantans festival in this church. The Rieger organ is now

* ORCID:

0000-0003-3006-477X. Faculty of Architecture, Wro-

cław University of Science and Technology, Poland, e-mail: karol.czajka-

gieldon@pwr.edu.pl

** ORCID: 0000-0003-4278-263X. Faculty of Architecture, Wro-

cław University of Science and Technology, Poland.

76 Karol Czajka-Giełdon, Krystyna Kirschke

damaged and has been silent for years. In light of the plans

made to replace it with an instrument that would be better

suited for a church interior, it is necessary to perform an

analysis and formulate conservation guidelines on solving

the current situation in terms of repairing the organ and the

feasibility of its relocation. One possible scenario is the re-

turn of the instrument to the auditorium of the WUST.

Organs – their role, conservation

and relocation cases from Wrocław

Historically, organ music was a very important identity

element in the German cultural circle, and the associated

organ-building craft is still appreciated today. In 2014, or-

gan building and organ music were placed on the national

list of intangible cultural assets, and in 2018 organ building

and music were placed on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural

Heritage List (Hey Pipe Organ Builders 2018). The experi-

ence of Polish conservators in maintaining historic organs

is slowly catching up with standards from Germany or

France, compensating for the backwardness resulting from

the underappreciation of organ building during the Polish

People’s Republic era. Pioneering postulates concerning the

principles of recording, protection and the revalorisation

of historic organs were formulated in the 1960s by Fr Jan

Chwa łek and Marian Dorawa (Bielawski 1969; Chwałek

1971). Since then, research on organ building in Poland

and in the lands of the partitioning powers has progressed

considerably thanks to historical studies and the revival of

traditional craftsmanship. At present, historic instruments

are being renovated at the highest execution level, with the

distinctiveness of the craft of a given period being given the

highest respect, and much care is given to faithfully recon-

struct sound quality

. This applies to the oldest instruments

from the 16

and 17

centuries (e.g., the parish church in

Ol kusz, the parish church in Kazimierz nad Wisłą), but also

from periods closer to the time of the Wrocław University

of Sci ence and Technology’s instrument (e.g., the church

of Sa lesians in Gdańsk-Orunia, the church of the Order of

St Do minic in Krakow).

The organ stock of Wrocław has undergone a series of

transformations in the 20

century that are unique in the

country. It was primarily the pre-Second-World-War period

that can be seen as pioneering the research-based organ con-

servation that resulted in professional literature. Der Orgel-

bau in Schlesien

, rst published in 1925 in Strasbourg and

then renewed and expanded in 1973, can be considered

a leading specialist item (Burgemeister 1973). The begin-

nings of historic organ conservation came at a time when

highly intrusive remodels were made, often in good will,

but nevertheless resulted in the erasure of the instruments’

historical character (e.g., the contemporaneous organ in the

According to data from Statistics Poland for 2022, 21,000 peo-

ple were organ builders. Only 10% were employed in the public sector.

There is a demand for newly built instruments, and existing instruments

require ongoing care and maintenance (Mapa Karier 2025).

Architect, conservator and art historian Ludwig Burgemeister,

was a co-author of the design of the Technische Hochschule Breslau

building complex.

Corpus Christi Church, remodelled in 1934). The particular-

ly severe wartime destruction of 1945 led to an irreversible

loss of a high number of historic organs, among which many

featured outstanding architectural and sculptural designs

(e.g., the organ in the cathedral and church of St Mary Mag-

dalene). Finally, the end of the conagration was followed

by the exploitation of the surviving stock of instruments in

a way that was the result of the new political and econom-

ic reality in which Lower Silesia found itself. Organs from

abandoned churches or devastated concert halls were be-

ing relocated on an unprecedented scale. These relocations

were made both between towns and cities, especially to the

churches of Warsaw, Lesser Poland or Lublin, but also with-

in Lower Silesia and Wrocław itself, that had been damaged

by war

(Brylla 2012; Trzaskalik-Wyrwa 2012).

Among the post-war organ relocations, mention should

be made of the largest project of its kind – the relocation of

an organ designed for the huge volume of the Centennial

Hall (Jahrhunderthalle). The colossal instrument, with 222

voices at its peak (after a looting, this number was reduced

by about 30%), was inserted into the much smaller naves of

the Cathedral of St John the Baptist, rebuilt after a bombing

raid (Bukowski 1959). With this relocation, the architecture,

spatial composition and characteristics of the instrument

were permanently changed (Fig. 1). The organ was also sup-

plemented by the addition of elements from other Wrocław

instruments, but also new elements acquired from domestic

and foreign organ-builders. Work is currently underway to

revitalise it and properly adapt it to its current location. It is

a complex task both because of the enormity of the project

and because of the need to tie together into a coherent whole

a series of technical and stylistic layers resulting from an

intricate history

Another relocation was the transfer of the organ that had

been in the WUST in the years 1929–1970 (Technische

Hoch schule Breslau up to 1945) to the west gallery of the

Church of St Mary Magdalene in Wrocław. The modest size

of the relocated Gebrüder Rieger organ and the Modernist

styling of its case meant that it was not well suited to the

grand interior of the Church of St Mary Magdalene. For

a time, they were used during concerts, and presumably

also for liturgy. Today, various possible scenarios of once

again equipping the church with a worthy instrument appear

viable, with the most interesting – both due to aesthetic and

musicological considerations – being the recreation of the

Michael Röder Baroque organ in the gallery, tied with the

relocation of the Gebrüder Rieger organ to the WUST audi-

torium (Czajka-Giełdon, Kirschke 2025).

This should be linked to the relocation of the organ by

Gebrüder Rieger to the auditorium of the WUST. The fur-

ther fate of the current instrument is also an opportunity for

the University to take charge of its own heritage. This organ,

designed for a lay interior, is a testament to a higher under-

Another great loss was the complete destruction of the organ with

its Baroque prospect located in St Elizabeth’s Church in Wrocław in

1976. Its reconstruction did not take place until the years 2022–2025.

The individual organ segments were disassembled and repaired in

the workshop of the Zych organ company in Wołomin (Ulrich-Kornacka

2024) .

Pipe organ of the Aula of the Technische Hochschule Breslau 77

Fig. 1. An example of an organ’s transformation due to damage caused by war – the case of St John the Baptist Cathedral:

a) Late Baroque organ, photo from ca. 1935 (source: https://polska-org.pl/894026,foto.html?idEntity=545938), b) the organ’s condition in 1947

(source: Narodowe Archiwum Cyfrowe, signature: 3/3/0/9.5/398), c) the organ relocated in fragments from the Centennial Hall, photo from 2024

(photo by M. Pasiewicz), d) Jahrhunderthalle, organ prospect by Sauer,

built in 1911–1913, state after extension in 1937 (source: https://polska-org.pl/799235,foto.html?idEntity=542804)

Il. 1. Przykład przekształceń organów w związku ze zniszczeniami wojennymi – casus katedry pw. Św. Jana Chrzciciela:

a) organy późnobarokowe, fot. ok. 1935 r. (źródło: https://polska-org.pl/894026,foto.html?idEntity=545938), b) stan organów w 1947 r.

(źródło: Narodowe Archiwum Cyfrowe, sygn. 3/3/0/9.5/398), c) organy translokowane we fragmentach z Hali Stulecia, 2024 (fot. M. Pasiewicz),

d) Jahrhunderthalle, prospekt organowy firmy Sauer zbudowany w latach 1911–1913, stan po rozbudowie w 1937 r.

(źródło: https://polska-org.pl/799235,foto.html?idEntity=542804)

standing of the art of organ building, which is a convergence

of many polytechnic disciplines with the artistry of music.

The restoration of the instrument in its original dedicated

space, along with the conservation of the surviving sub-

stance and complementation as per the best standards of his-

toric organ restoration, would be a most honourable deed.

Technische Hochschule Breslau

in the years 1902–1945

and the history of the Gebrüder Rieger organ

At the turn of the 20

century, united Germany was one

of the most powerful countries in Europe, whose thriving

industry needed a well-educated engineering workforce.

Technical schools established as early as the 1820s in Ber-

lin, Nuremberg, Karlsruhe or Munich were no longer suf-

cient and eorts were therefore made to establish them

in additional states. In Breslau, the decision to establish

a technical college (Königliche Technische Hochschule)

was taken in 1902. In the newly designed complex, between

a boulevard and Smoluchowskiego Street (Borsig Strasse),

around a dozen teaching and laboratory buildings were

planned (Die neue Technische Hochschule in Breslau 1910;

Die Technische Hochschule Breslau 1910). They were com-

mis sioned in two essential stages: in the years 1905–1914

and, after a pause caused by the First World War and the

nancial crisis, in the years 1925–1930.

An architectural proposal was developed in 1925 by Max

Schindowski and Fritz Schirmer, and the technical designer

was architect Gottfried Müller, who oversaw the construc-

tion proper carried out in the years 1925–1928. The elongat-

ed body of the building, aligned along the east–west direc-

tion along the Oder embankment (Fig. 2a), was connected

to the older part by curved side wings (east and west), cre-

ating a spacious, trapezoidal-shaped inner courtyard. The

three-storey high front building featured a basement and an

immense usable attic. The symmetrical, three-storey façade

that faced Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego (Uferstrasse) was cov-

ered with plaster and was given a steep roof and modest

stone detailing to better t with earlier, Historical-Revival

buildings. The 9-axis central section of the building was ac-

centuated within the 27-axis façade. The ground oor fea-

tured an arched arcade supported by massive pillars, bound

at the rst-oor level with a wide balcony. It was connected

with an auditorium, which lled two storeys and featured

a gallery on which an organ was placed (Fig. 2b). The sepa-

rated section was accentuated in the roof area by three adja-

cent triangular gables. The building’s mass was simple and

heavily cuboid, which set it apart from the older sections.

The façade was enriched by the installation of sculptures

by Kurt Bimler in the window pediments of the auditorium,

depicting prominent academics. The rich ornamentation of

the bay window on the west façade was created by Albert

Krämer (Die Technische Hochschule Breslau 1985; Gmach

główny – część nowsza 2010).

Located on the rst oor of the new main wing of the

building, the new auditorium was opened in June 1928. The

spacious hall, measuring 31.8 × 14.7 m and 9.15 m high, of-

fered a oor space of around 475 m

. The eastern part of the

room had a wide podium and a at audience seating 400 peo-

ple. Opposite, on a large balcony accessible from the second

oor, was another 100 seats with an amphitheatre layout and

an organ, centrally located between the two entrances. From

both the front and the courtyard, the auditorium was illumi-

nated by full-height, rhythmically arranged windows. The

large volume of the hall, its elongated layout and wooden

coered ceiling, as well as the oak panelling and wooden

furniture, reected and diused sound, which gave a specif-

ic character to the acoustics of the interior – not very good

for speeches, but perfectly suitable for organ concerts.

a b c d

78 Karol Czajka-Giełdon, Krystyna Kirschke

On 21 July 1928, the new main building of the Tech-

nische Hochschule Breslau was ocially opened and conse-

crated. The nal element of construction was the installation

of an instrument (29 voices, 2+P) by the Gebrüder Rieger

company of Jägerndorf (now Krnov, Czech Republic) in the

auditorium in 1929 (Table 1). The organ case, 7 m wide,

m deep and 6 m tall, was harmoniously tted into the cen-

tral space of the balcony. Pneumatic action operated conical

wind chest. In front of the organ was a place for singers

and a free-standing counter. The Modernist aesthetics of

the instrument’s case corresponded to the austere, historical

Modern design of the hall. The case was designed as open

– that is, without an architectural nial

. The upper front

line was drawn by pipe outlets formed into two outermost,

slightly risalit-like towers and a at central eld (Fig. 3)

In Breslau, the rst organ with architecture in a Modernist spirit was

installed in the Centennial Hall in 1913. Between the wars, such instruments

were built, among others, in the Church of the Holy Family at 68 Monte

Cassino Street (Damaschke-Strasse, Zimpel) and the concert hall of the ra-

dio station in Karkonoska Street (Rundfunk Breslau, Waldenburgerstrasse).

The organ was rst played on 23.06.1929. On this occasion, a lecture

entitled “Die neue Orgel in ihren zeitgeschichtlichen und lokalen Zusam-

menhängen” [New organ in a historic and local context] was delivered by

Professor Hermann Matzke (Die Technische Hochschule Breslau 1985, 339).

Fig. 2. Main building of the Technische Hochschule: a) as seen from the side of the Oder River, circa 1930, under the three identical gables,

nine tall windows indicate the location of the auditorium (source: Burak, Dackiewicz and Pregiel 2010),

b) interior of the auditorium in 1929, after the commissioning of the Gebrüder Rieger organ (source: Matzke 1929, 5)

Il. 2. Budynek główny Technische Hochschule: a) widok od strony Odry około 1930 r. – pod trzema identycznymi szczytami

dziewięć wysokich okien wskazuje lokalizację auli (źródło: Burak, Dackiewicz i Pregiel 2010, 83),

b) wnętrze auli w 1929 r., po oddaniu do użytku organów firmy Gebrüder Rieger (źródło: Matzke 1929, 5)

a b

I. Manual – Hauptwerk

II. Manual – Oberwerk

(in an expression case)

Pedal

Principal 8’

Gedackt 8’

Salicional 8’

Oktave 4’

Bach-flöte 4’

Oktave 2’

Mixtur 4 fach 2 2/3’

Dulcian 16’

Vox humana 8’ (in a separate expression case)

Flöten Principal 8’

Nachthorn 8’

Fernflöte 8’

Viola di Gamba

Vox coelestis 8’

Gems-horn 4’

Rohr-flöte 4’

Sifflöte 2’

Kornett 3–4 fach 4’

Trompette harm. 8’

Regal 4’

Offen-bass 16’

Subbas 16’

Oktave 8’

Gedackt 8’

Bass-flöte 4’

Posaune 16’

Dulcian 16’ (transmission from 1. man.)

Regal 4’ (transmission from 2. man)

Aids

manubria:

4 O-H,

16 O-H,

4 O,

16 O,

O-H,

H-P,

O-P

Buttons under manual 1:

Auslöser,

Fr. Komb. II,

Fr. Komb. I,

Tutti,

Handreg ab.,

Zungen ab,

Tremolo O,

Tremolo

Vox hum.

Foot-operated levers:

Octavkoppeln, Normalkoppeln,

O-P,

H-P,

Koppeln aus Walze,

Rollschweller ab.

Walec Crescendo

II man. louvre pedal

Vox humana louvre pedal

Table 1. Original disposition of the organ of the Technische Hochschule Breslau auditorium, now located in the church of St Mary Magdalene

in Wrocław, builder: Gebrüder Rieger, op. 2375, year of construction: 1929 (elaborated by K. Czajka-Giełdon)

Tabela 1. Oryginalna dyspozycja organów auli Technische Hochschule Breslau, zlokalizowanych obecnie w kościele pw. św. Marii Magdaleny

we Wrocławiu, budowniczy: Gebrüder Rieger, op. 2375, rok budowy: 1929 (oprac. K. Czajka-Giełdon)

Pipe organ of the Aula of the Technische Hochschule Breslau 79

This organ was one of the rst instruments in Wrocław to

be built in compliance with the Orgelbewegung’s principles

– a style of sound distinct for the 1920s and 30s which drew

from Baroque organ musical heritage (Prasał 2019, 156).

The organ was highly signicant to the academic com-

munity of the University, which in the 1910s resounded with

music. The growing activity of the university’s musical and

singing ensembles was coordinated by Professor Hermann

Matzke, a versatile musician who took up the post of lectur-

er in music in 1924 and founded the Collegium Musicum

– an organisation for choirs and instrumental ensembles. He

headed Germany’s only academic Institute for Music and

Music Technology (Musik und musikalische Technologie)

up to 1945

. With the new instrument, organ playing could

be trained during courses. The activity of this body was cer-

tainly also a form of substantive and technical support for

the developing instrument building sectors, among which

organ building grew especially dynamically, in no small

part due to the application of electricity in the operation of

action mechanisms.

In 1933, in the face of the 1929–1930 nancial crisis,

it was decided to merge the excellently functioning Tech-

nische Hochschule with a school that had an entirely dier-

ent prole, the Schlesische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität

zu Breslau. This coincided with the political upheaval in

Germany, namely the Nazis’ rise to power. The Technische

Hochschule tried to maintain its autonomy in this situation

The period’s university reform did not have a signicant im-

pact on Hermann Matzke’s classes, whose curriculum refer-

enced both technical and humanistic matters (Burak 2010).

The Institute of Musical Technology was maintained until

the end of the German university, and this despite the ad-

ministrative repression by the fascist authorities, which in-

tensied from around 1942 onwards and found organ-build-

ing to be costly and to consume a considerable amount of

valuable raw materials (tin, lead, copper and silver).

History of the organ in the auditorium

of the WUST

in the years 1945–1970

The siege of Festung Breslau turned many districts of the

city into ruins. After the German army signed the German

Instrument of Surrender, as a result of the Potsdam Con-

ference, Wrocław’s state aliation changed from German

to Polish. The university’s surviving buildings were reno-

vated and a Polish academic life began forming. The rst

to begin their operations were the Wrocław University and

the WUST. The research and teaching personnel of this

university had their roots mostly from the Lviv Polytech-

nic University and the Jan Kazimierz University in Lviv.

The best-preserved part of the Wrocław University was the

faculties left over from Technische Hochschule. Fortunate-

ly, most of the buildings on this campus had suered only

Biography of Hermann Matzke (Prieberg 2009, 4802–4804).

One occasion to manifest this state of aairs was the celebra-

tion of the 25

anniversary of the Technische Hochschule in 1935. After

1937, the role and autonomy of the university’s technical faculties was

signicantly strengthened.

minor damage, and their furnishings and even some labo-

ratories had survived. The campus housed the engineering

faculties operating under the WUST, which soon gained

considerable autonomy and, in 1951, the status of a separate

university

The main building was preserved almost fully intact. The

organ in the auditorium also survived, although it was not

fully operational. There are documents in the archives of

the WUST that describe the steps taken in 1947 to repair

The Genesis of the WUST and its initial years are extensively do-

cumented in (Burak, Dackiewicz and Pregiel 2010, 179–224).

Fig. 3. The Gebrüder Rieger organ in the Technische Hochschule

auditorium; a) general view of the balcony in in 1929

(source: Matzke 1929), b) a 1935 concert (source: Wo studiere ich

technische Wissenschaften? 1935, 22)

Il. 3. Organy firmy Gebrüder Rieger w auli Technische Hochschule:

a) widok ogólny balkonu w 1929 r. (źródło: Matzke 1929)

b) koncert

w 1935 r. (źródło: Wo studierte ich technische

Wissenschaften? 1935, 22)

80 Karol Czajka-Giełdon, Krystyna Kirschke

the instrument

. The bid for the work was submitted by

two students from the Electromechanical Faculty, Edward

Popiel and Marian Śliwiński. The cost estimate included:

a full cleaning of the organ and pipes, setting up the con-

necting pipes, gluing together some of the wind chests for

the pedal voices, repairing the punctured front pipes, turn-

ing on the “Vox humana” voice, tuning the 28 voices, clean-

ing the organ console, keyboard and inspecting the motor.

The entire work was expected to cost 35,000 PLN. The

missing pipes were to be made at the University’s expense.

In December, Vice-Rector Kazi mierz Zipser contacted the

Central Executive Committee of the Polish Socialist Party

asking for funding to repair the organ

. The repair process

ended on 22 March 1948 with the acceptance of the com-

pleted work

. It is important to mention that there was also

another political theme emerging here, which increased the

chances of a rapid renovation of the organ. On 25–28 Au-

gust 1948, an extremely spectacular event was to take place

– the World Congress of Intellectuals in Defence of Peace

(Fig. 4a), which was ultimately attended by 400 delegates

from 46 countries. It was part of an exhibition presenting

the achievements of the reconstruction of the Recovered

Territories after the Second World War, which was sched-

uled to be hosted from 21 July to 31 October 1948. The cost

of this gigantic propaganda project was 715 million PLN

(Zwierz 2016).

The refurbished instrument was used for various univer-

sity events over the following years, as well as when the

auditorium was made available to external users as a con-

ference or concert hall (Historia jednego zdjęcia 2020)

(Fig. 4b, c). In the 1960s, for example, music classes were

still held here for students of High School II, located on

what is now Parkowa Street. In 1969, Professor Tadeusz

Porębski became the next Rector of the WUST, leading

the preparation and subsequent implementation of a reform

of the educational process and a change in the university’s

structure. His plans also included a renovation of the audito-

rium, tied with the idea to remodel the organ gallery, where

interpreter booths were proposed in place of the instrument.

The organ, which had been renovated 22 years earlier, was

declared redundant, and was dismantled and handed over

to the State Philharmonic in Wrocław (Fig. 4d).

It was ul-

timately relocated to the Church of St Mary Magdalene in

Wrocław.

Archiwum Politechniki Wrocławskiej, 1947, sign. 135.

The Vice-Chancellor justied his request by the fact that only

three days earlier, the proceedings of the 27

PSP Congress had taken

place in the hall. Archiwum Politechniki Wrocławskiej, 1947, sign. 122.

The commission consisted of pipe organ professor Julian Bi-

dziński (in 1946–1970, director of the Wrocław music school, then

named after Fryderyk Chopin), Dionizy Smoleński and Franciszek Pał-

ka. In their opinion, […] the works listed in the attached cost estimate

were executed expertly. On inspection, it was found: correct intonation

of all voices, clean tuning, the addition of missing voices was adjusted

to the disposition guidelines for organ construction. The entirety of the

repairs was done professionally and soundly (Archiwum Politechniki

Wrocławskiej, 1947, sign. 135, document no. 78).

This was based on a decision of the University’s Senate Taken on

20 March 1970. Cf. Brandt-Golecka, Burak and Januszewska (2005, 167,

footnote 66).

Outline of the history of the organ

in the Church of St Mary Magdalene,

the rebuilding of the church after

the Second World War and the relocation

of the organ from the auditorium of the WUST

Insofar as the Wrocław University and University of

Tech nology had a complex of buildings that had survived

the war from the very start, the state of preservation reli-

gious buildings in Wrocław was marked by heavy losses.

The new state regime, which was hostile to all religions,

nevertheless took great care of the oldest churches, treating

them as testimony to Silesia’s historical belonging to the

Piast dynasty. For these reasons, the reconstruction and res-

toration work also included the severely damaged medieval

Church of St Mary Magdalene. In May 1945, an explosion

tore apart its tower mass, causing part of the south tower and

the west gable to collapse, along with the gallery housing

its great organ, which was completely destroyed. Thanks

to the innovative methods used during the reconstruction,

the tower and gable were successfully reconstructed (albeit

without the tower domes) in 1952. Work on the interior con-

tinued for another ten years, during which the west gallery

was also rebuilt and given a spatial form close to the one

from the Middle Ages. The immense window in the gable

wall above the gallery was also restored (Broniewski 1952).

After the end of the war, the church remained under the

management of the Evangelical parish centred on the city’s

German citizens – services were held in the surviving sacris-

ty in the northern annex. In the 1960s, a Polish-Catholic par-

ish and cathedral were established in the now-rebuilt church.

There was no organ in the interior during the postwar

reconstruction period, a departure from a tradition (Seibt

1938; Kmita-Skarsgård 2013) that had continued since

the Middle Ages

, as an organ player of this church had

rst been mentioned already in 1380, and after the per-

manent takeover of by the Protestants, the town council

commissioned the construction of the great organ to Mi-

chael Hirschfeldt of Żary in the late 16

century. The work

was completed in 1602, and as early as 1634 a major re-

modelling project was carried out

. The following were

preserved: the location on the cantilevered gallery above

the pulpit and the case (Fig. 5a) that consisted of a Late

Renaissance main case (Hauptwerk) and the back positive

(Rückpositiv). The dismantling of the instrument and the

gallery in 1722 was preceded by the construction of a new

great organ, which was planned to be located in the western

gallery (called Burgerchor or Hellenfeldscher Chor). The

builder was Michael Röder from Berlin

. The design was

The year 1380 is seen as the boundary when an organist named

Gregor was rst mentioned, which attests to the existence of an organ. At

the end of the 16

century, the church sported a large organ and a small

organ (700 Jahre St. Maria Magdalena 1926).

Michael Hirschfeldt also referred to as Hirschfelder (154?–1602),

with the collaboration of Martin Scheuer, completed the construction of

this experimental organ in 1602. Despite improvements during the con-

struction phase, the technical solution was not successful and the organ

malfunctioned, and a decision was made to rebuild it fully in 1623.

Johann Michael Röder (late 17

century to the early 18

centu-

ry), was a pupil of eminent organ builder Arp Schnitger (1648–1719)

Pipe organ of the Aula of the Technische Hochschule Breslau 81

characterised by an innovative approach to the case layout

(with a 32’ tin principal voice), as well as the organ cabinet

(Fig. 5b). The lightness of Johann Georg Urbansky’s Ba-

roque woodcarving and the dynamism of the design lines

corresponded with the complementary wall paintings that

extended up to the nave vault. This organ laid the ground-

work in the redenition of the characteristics of the Silesian

who had been active in northern Germany. His exceptional technical

skills allowed him to animate the movement of the sculptures adorning

the organ case, earning him the nickname “Mechanicus”. In the years

1721–1726, reusing parts of the earlier organ by Hirschfeld and Scheu-

er, Röder built a movable great organ in the Church of St Mary Mag-

dalene in Wrocław.

organ case, which was based on a concave oor plan line

and strong centrifugal tendencies in the composition of its

frontal view (Radziewicz-Winnicki 1986)

In addition to this organ, the church also had had a small organ

on the gallery in the north wall, which was dismantled in the 18

centu-

ry. There was also a “positive in the singers’ gallery” – a dozen-or-so–

voice instrument located in the centre of the presbytery’s space, directly

in front of the great altar. It referenced a tradition of liturgical music

unique to Wrocław, based on performing ceremonial pieces in a dozen-

or-so–member singing ensemble with the accompaniment of an organ or

other cameral instruments. This unusual location had no parallel in either

Protestant or Catholic churches in other urban centres. Cf. (Fischer 1821;

700 Jahre St. Maria Magdalena 1926; Burgemeister 1973).

Fig. 4. Interior of the auditorium of the WUST with its organ: a) opening ceremony of the World Congress

of Intellectuals in Defence of Peace on 25 August 1948 (source: Słowa prawdy i nadziei 1948, 2), b) proceedings of the Congress of Democratic

Unity of Polish Students in Wrocław, July 1948 (source: https://polska-org.pl/672979,foto.html?idEntity=563597), c) view towards the balcony

of the remodelled auditorium in 1959 (source: Burak, Dackiewicz, and Pregiel 2010, 287),

d) interpreters’ booths that took the place of the organ in the gallery in 1970 (source: https://polska-org.pl/863644,foto.html?idEntity=563597)

Il. 4. Wnętrze auli Politechniki Wrocławskiej z organami: a) uroczystość otwarcia 25.08.1948 r. Światowego Kongresu Intelektualistów w Obronie

Pokoju (źródło: Słowa prawdy i nadziei 1948, 2), b) obrady Kongresu Jedności Demokratycznej Studentów Polskich we Wrocławiu, lipiec 1948

(źródło: https://polska-org.pl/672979,foto.html?idEntity=563597), c) widok przebudowanej auli w kierunku balkonu w 1959 r.

(źródło: Burak, Dackiewicz i Pregiel 2010, 287), d) kabiny tłumaczy, które w 1970 r. zajęły na emporze miejsce organów

(źródło: https://polska-org.pl/863644,foto.html?idEntity=563597)

82 Karol Czajka-Giełdon, Krystyna Kirschke

the presentation of chamber music, which was adequately

served by the Rieger organ. In 1990, an additional small or-

gan (8 voices, 1+P) constructed by Józef Cynar’s company

was installed in the south side aisle, in the presbytery area

(Konopka 2017). At present, it is the only functioning in-

strument in the building, as the organ made by Gebrüder

Rieger in the western gallery has been worn out by the pas-

sage of time and has remained silent for several years.

Conservation analysis

of the Gebrüder Rieger organ

and a proposal for its relocation

The organ of the Gebrüder Rieger company in the west

gallery of the St Mary Magdalene Church is now in such poor

condition that it is impossible to play it without extensive re-

pairs and numerous treatments involving basic work, includ-

ing the reassembly of the entire werk (Figs. 7, 8). Some of

the ner metal pipes have been destroyed by being crushed,

which indicates insucient protection against tampering. An

on-site inspection carried out in March 2025 found the in-

strument to be authentic, many of the original parts, largely

complete choir pipes, the original tongue voices, or entire

technological solutions, e.g., swell boxes with louvres, were

preserved. The north tower room also houses the original

Rieger bellows, which used a Soviet-made engine to power

it. The organ console is also largely original, featuring reg-

ister switches characteristic of the workshop from which it

originated, together with enamelled stained plates with de-

scriptions of the voices. The organ case is also complete, but,

The rich body of work of organ builder Józef Cynar is described

in: (Kmita-Skarsgård 2020).

Fig. 5. Drawings that depict the historic organ case in the Church of St Mary Magdalene in Wrocław:

a) the instrument by Michael Hirschfeldt from 1602 (source: Burgemeister 1973, 379), b) the Michael Röder organ with woodcarving

by Johann Georg Urbansky that existed in the years 1724–1888 (source: Silbermann, 1741), c) case design by Carl Lüdecke in 1889 (fragment)

(source: Architekturmuseum TU Berlin, Inv. nr 5999)

Il. 5. Rysunki przedstawiające historyczne prospekty organów w kościele św. Marii Magdaleny we Wrocławiu:

a) instrument Michaela Hirschfeldta z 1602 r. (źródło: Burgemeister 1973, 379), b) organy Michaela Rödera ze snycerką Johanna Georga

Urbansky’ego istniejące w latach 1724–1888 (źródło: Silbermann 1741), c) projekt prospektu Carla Lüdeckego z 1889 r. (fragment)

(źródło: Architekturmuseum TU Berlin, Inv. nr 5999)

a b c

The dismantling of the Röder great organ

was carried

out in 1888, under the pretext of renovating the interior of

the church after the north tower had burnt down. The purist

Gothic-Revival interior design by Carl Lüdecke was execut-

ed in 1887–1891, and the new organ case with Gothic-Re-

vival forms (Figs. 5c, 6a) with organs by Carl and Eduard

Wilhelm (3+P instrument, 62 voices) were its key elements.

This was a high-quality organ, but with its heavy styling

and closed mass composition, it completely contradicted the

previous Baroque design. In 1922, the Sauer-Walcker com-

pany carried out a modernisation and extension of this organ

(3+P instrument, 89 voices, extended in 1938 to 4+P, 100

voices), which greatly enhanced its qualities (Höcker 2020).

In this condition the great organ of the Church of St Mary

Magdalene survived until 1945 (Burgemeister 1973).

The interior space of the Church of St Mary Magdalene,

shaped by its Gothic architecture, has attracted musical cir-

cles over the centuries. After the war, this tradition was in-

terrupted as there was no great organ in the church for more

than twenty-ve years. It was not until the early 1970s that it

was decided to relocate the Gebrüder Rieger organ (Fig. 6b),

which had been disposed of by the WUST, to the western

gallery of the church. A plaque reading “Jarzymowski Fa-

bian, Bruczyno, p-ta Dretyń” informs us of who made the

work on the instrument, which can presumably be linked to

its relocation. In 1976, after a re in St Elizabeth’s Church,

it was decided to move the concerts of the renowned ora-

torio-cantata festival Wratislavia Cantans to St Mary Mag-

dalene’s Church. The interior was

still a space suitable for

Röder’s Baroque case, created in collaboration with Urbansky,

was dismantled and deposited in the warehouses of the Museum of Arts

and Crafts, thus avoiding destruction in 1945. At present, its surviving

elements are exhibited in the National Museum in Wrocław.

Pipe organ of the Aula of the Technische Hochschule Breslau 83

Fig. 6. Church of St Mary Magdalene: a) after restoration under

the direction of Carl Lüdecke, on the gallery is the Gothic-Revival

organ by Carl and Eduard Wilhelm (source: AP Wrocław:

Ref. 82/1868/0/7/856), b) in 2025, on the rebuilt emporium

we can see the Modernist Rieger organ relocated from

the auditorium of the WUST (photo by K. Kirschke)

Il. 6. Kościół św. Marii Magdaleny: a) wnętrze w 1891 r.

po konserwacji przeprowadzonej pod kierunkiem C. Lüdeckego

– na emporze neogotyckie organy wykonane przez Carla i Eduarda

Wilhelmów (źródło: AP Wrocław, sygn. 82/1868/0/7/856),

b) nawa w 2025 r. – na odbudowanej emporze modernistyczne organy

Riegera translokowane z auli Politechniki Wrocławskiej (fot. K. Kirschke)

like the organ itself, it is in need of restoration. The current

display inside the church further detracts from the technical

and visual qualities of the instrument. As a result of its po-

sitioning in front of the large west window illuminating the

nave, it found itself in indoor climatic and temperature con-

ditions that are not stable and a number of case pipes are ex-

posed, which was not the case at its original location, and the

bass pipes deeper in the werk have been obscured. A full as-

sessment of the state of preservation of all the organ’s compo-

nents: wind chests, vents, relays, conductors or the air supply

system, including bellows and the authentic blower, should

be the subject of a separate thorough survey prior to drafting

a restoration work programme for the instrument.

The instrument in question should be renovated and ef-

fectively revalorised, restoring its sound quality and techni-

cal eectiveness in a suitable interior in terms of size and

decor. The organ’s current condition brings disrepute to one

of Wrocław’s most important architectural monuments, the

Church of St Mary Magdalene. The continuation of this

state of aairs may soon translate into the complete and ir-

reversible devastation of the preserved substance of unques-

tionable historic value. This threat is all the more serious

as this organ is not under statutory conservation under law.

When deciding on the further fate of the Rieger organ, we

should consider how much of Lower Silesia’s organ stock

had been lost during the Second World War and due to the

post-war exploitation of that which survived. In this state, all

remaining examples of old organ building works should be

maintained at all costs. Examples of untransformed and au-

thentic works, such as the instrument discussed here, which

comes from the auditorium of the Technische Hochschule

Breslau, should be subject to this demand rst and foremost.

The instrument’s historical ties to the university in question

is its completely unique value. This organ’s very construc-

tion is the result of the operation of this school, the eect of

the academic interest in the complicated technology behind

organ building, which combines technical and artistic crafts,

and has its result in the form of a work of architecture. This

interest continued for several decades at the WUST, where

the organ graced the ceremonies in the auditorium of the

main building.

The rst matter that should be resolved in revalorisa-

tion is to nd a suitable place for relocating the instrument.

Given the size of the werk and the size of the sound layout,

the current volume of the church interior appears exces-

sively large. The shortcomings of the organ’s placement

near a windowed wall should also be eliminated via the

relocation. The stylistic consistency of the organ case with

the interior design is also desirable. One of the main alter-

natives is to return the organ to its former location in the

gallery of the Wrocław University of Science and Tech-

nology’s auditorium. We can also consider changing its

placement by positioning it in the front part of the hall.

Such a solution was considered in the auditorium mod-

ernisation design developed in 2004 by architect Andrzej

Grudziński and Izabela Ertel-Kuś

. This design planned

In 2003, an architectural competition was held to modernise the

furnishings and decoration and improve the acoustics and the Audito-

rium of the WUST. In 2004, the commission to prepare the technical

84 Karol Czajka-Giełdon, Krystyna Kirschke

Fig. 8. Devastated playing console of the Gebrüder Rieger organ located in the west emporium of the Church of St Mary Magdalene

(photos by K. Czajka-Giełdon, 2025)

Il. 8. Zdewastowany stół gry organów Gebrüder Rieger znajdujących się na emporze zachodniej kościoła św. Marii Magdaleny

(fot. K. Czajka-Giełdon, 2025)

Fig. 7. The Rieger organ in the space of the west gallery of the church of St Mary Magdalene: a) the organ case and console,

b) the mechanically damaged smallest pipes of the first manual section (photos by K. Czajka-Giełdon, 2025)

Il. 7. Organy Riegera w przestrzeni empory zachodniej kościoła św. Marii Magdaleny: a) prospekt i kontuar,

b) uszkodzone mechanicznie najmniejsze piszczałki sekcji pierwszego manuału (fot. K. Czajka-Giełdon, 2025)

a b

Pipe organ of the Aula of the Technische Hochschule Breslau 85

the second phase of the remodel to include a new pipe or-

gan near the western wall, above the backstage passage

(2.2 m above the stage), whose case would have had exter-

nal dimensions of around 6 × 6 m. The argument for this

solution cited “elevating the prestige of the main interior

of the University” (Grudziński, Ertel-Kuś and Armałowicz

2007, 27). Both possible proposals would have been asso-

ciated with additional arrangement measures as the space

of the auditorium had already been modied. In the event

of a return to the gallery, there would be a need to remod-

el or relocate the rooms housing the sound and lighting

controls. Another alternative is to choose a completely dif-

ferent loca tion, which may very well be a medium-sized

church with Modernist decor features.

Conclusions

The identication of the history and state of preserva-

tion of the Gebrüder Rieger organ from the Technische Ho-

schule Breslau auditorium allows us to conclude that they

possess all the values that qualify it as a heritage object. It

is therefore necessary to include it in the register of monu-

ments, which would guarantee its protection from further

degradation

. We should direct further revalorisation mea-

sures, which, due to fact that entire instrument has survived

in a relatively complete form, should take into account the

restoration of the original sound disposition and performing

a reconstruction following what we know of the characteris-

tics of Gebrüder Rieger. The measures, thus planned, should

act as a form of protecting and revalorising the Wrocław

University of Science and Technology’s tangible and intan-

gible heritage. The tangible aspect consists of an organ that

has survived in a highly original form, adapted to a Mod-

ernist interior style, that follows a concert instrument’s

characteristics, and is equipped with unique and outstand-

ing technical solutions. The intangible aspect is linked to

the fact that the organ was created in close connection with

the establishment of the only academic Institute of Music

Technology in the whole of the Weimar Republic, operat-

ing within the Wrocław-based university. In addition, the

instrument is a testament to the high musical culture and

a vehicle of the organ building traditions represented by the

local academic community. The organ continued to serve

the people of Wrocław after the Second World War, giving

them an opportunity for live contact with music performed

at the highest level during the renowned Wratislavia Can-

tans festivals.

The proposed project can also be a step towards the ef-

fective revalorisation of the organ instrumentarium of the

Church of St Mary Magdalene in Wrocław. An in-depth

analysis of the rich musical and organ tradition of this

and execution documentation was given to a team of architects from

the Faculty of Architecture of the Wrocław University of Science and

Technology, which included: Andrzej Grudziński, Izabela Ertel-Kuś and

Paweł Amałowicz (2007).

In the absence of statutory conservation, the defunct Rieger or-

gan is in danger of outright disposal as waste. This would run counter

to heritage preservation principles and violate the standards of handling

cultural heritage assets.

church and the proposals for further measures to restore its

great organ go beyond the scope of this text. However, even

a cursory assessment would lead one to conclude that there

was a signicant regression in this sphere after the Second

World War. On the basis of an assessment of the architec-

tural and acoustic parameters that characterise the Gebrüder

Rieger organ that currently exists in the west gallery, it can

be concluded that this non-original location should not be

considered as a target placement. It is an organ that is too

small for the spacious naves and demanding acoustics of the

church. Its architectural qualities, which draw on an early

Modernist style, are matched by their original location in

the auditorium of the Technische Hochschule, while in the

church space, just below the immense Gothic window, they

completely lose their original elegance and aesthetic har-

mony. In this situation, there is a need to replace the organ

with another, more suitable instrument whose scale would

match the former great organ that had existed in this church.

In view of the outstanding artistic value and the preserved

elements of the Baroque organ case, a reconstruction of the

organ by Johann Michael Röder would seem to be the most

feasible option

Well-planned revalorisation measures may provide an

opportunity to avoid mistakes made in other, similar cas-

es. The organ from the Church of St Mary Magdalene in

Wrocław is by no means the only relocated organ instrument

from Lower Silesia

. It has survived as a largely complete

work, while many organs have been destroyed or perma-

nently altered as a result of relocation or inappropriate re-

pair work. Right now, organ building is facing another chal-

lenge: the oversupply of instruments from the desacralised

churches of Western Europe. Treated as a bargain purchase,

they are often not as valuable from a musicological point

of view as the often historic organs from our churches and

concert halls that they displace.

Just as in the eld of construction, the Modernist style

developed in organ building with the advent of the 20

century, which produced organ cases devoid of added ar-

chitectural or gurative decoration. The straight line of the

pipes was intended to impact with its monumental, linear

outline. This was the vision of the modern organ case pre-

sented by the architects of the Modernist period in Wrocław

in their designs: Max Berg (the organ in the Centennial Hall

– unbuilt), Hans Poelzig (organ in the Evangelical Church

in Malczyce) or Richard Konwiarz (organ extension in the

Centennial Hall in 1937). This line continued with works

by Polish architects who rebuilt Wrocław, such as the new

case for the organ acquired from the Centennial Hall and

intended for the Wrocław Cathedral, designed by Aleksan-

der Krzywobłocki. The trend set architects and art historians

was also picked up with varying degrees of success by the

instrument builders themselves. The following organ build-

ers stood out in terms of their perfect sense for Modern-

ist forms: Paul Berschdor, a German builder from Nysa,

Their dismantling was criticised as early as the 1920s, and the

recomposition of the case was demanded by the conservation ocer of

the Silesian Province at the time, Ludwig Burgemeister.

Cf. on the relocations of Lower Silesian organ instruments after

the Second World War (Pasternak 2020).

86 Karol Czajka-Giełdon, Krystyna Kirschke

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spektywy. Dom Wydawniczy LYNX Tomasz Kmita-Skarsgård, 2013.

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analiza reminiscencji anglosaskiej myśli organmistrzowskiej w dzie-

łach polskiego budowniczego.” In Organy i ludzie. 2. Katalogi, opra-

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cław (dolnośląskie). Last modied February 7, 2017. Accessed Ja-

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University Press, 1975.

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i ewolucja formy.” Zeszyty Naukowe, no. 875 (1986): 7–115

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(1948): 1–4.

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Silbermann, Johann Andreas. Anmerkungen einiger außerdem Elsaß stehen-

den Orgeln, davon ich viele gesehen, oder aus erhaltenen Nachrichten

hier verzeichnet habe. Darunter keine Silbermännische bendlich. [ca.

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chichte in Mittel- und Osteuropa: Mitteilungen der internationalen

Arbeitsgemeinschaft an der Universität Leipzig, edited by Helmut

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Verlag, 2015.

or Józef Cynar, an organ builder from post-war Wrocław.

The instrument from the Wrocław University of Science

and Technology is a part of this stylistic trend, which is still

so undervalued and in many cases not covered by statutory

conservation. It would therefore be desirable for it to once

again visually and acoustically complement the interior of

the historic auditorium of this university

Translated by

Krzysztof Barnaś

Pipe organs, although no longer central to university life and

music education today, is present at many universities in the USA. They

are located in chapels, concert halls or dedicated music buildings. Some

universities, such as Berkeley and Harvard, in recognition of their histor-

ical and cultural signicance, even have collections of such instruments

dating from dierent eras (Ochse 1975).

Pipe organ of the Aula of the Technische Hochschule Breslau 87

Streszczenie

Organy piszczałkowe auli Technische Hochschule Breslau (Politechniki Wrocławskiej)

W niniejszym tekście zarysowana została historia organów wybudowanych przez rmę Gebrüder Rieger w 1929 r. dla auli Technische Hochschule

Breslau. Instrument ten stanowił istotną część oryginalnego wystroju sali, służąc uświetnianiu uroczystości akademickich oraz prowadzeniu zajęć mu-

zycznych i dydaktycznych w ramach Instytutu Technologii Muzycznej – jedynej tego typu jednostki w strukturze uczelni technicznej na terenie Republiki

Weimarskiej. Na skutek zniszczeń, jakie objęły cały Wrocław w schyłkowej fazie II wojny światowej, ocalałe organy stanowiły cenny dobytek nowo

otwartej uczelni w polskim Wrocławiu. Zostały naprawione i służyły przez wiele lat działalności koncertowej, wpisując się w krajobraz kulturowy mia-

sta. W trakcie przebudowy auli w latach 70. XX w. jako zbędne zostały przeniesione do odbudowanego ze zniszczeń wrocławskiego kościoła św. Marii

Magdaleny, pozbawionego na skutek wojny organów. Po krótkim okresie użytkowania w nowej lokalizacji zostały zdewastowane i pozostają nieczynne.

Sposób usytuowania instrumentu w kościele zdradza doraźność i prowizoryczność tego rozwiązania, a obecny stan domaga się podjęcia szybkich i zde-

cydowanych działań naprawczych. Organy mają dziś wartość zabytkową i nadal zachowują potencjał dla ewentualnej rewaloryzacji i przywrócenia im

podstawowej funkcji muzycznej. Tekst stanowi próbę dokonania analizy konserwatorskiej tego obiektu i możliwości jego godnego wyeksponowania

zgodnie z obecnymi standardami konserwatorskimi w pierwotnej lokalizacji, w auli Politechniki Wrocławskiej.

Słowa kluczowe: organy, relokacja, rewaloryzacja, architektura, Politechnika Wrocławska, Technische Hochschule Breslau

Trzaskalik-Wyrwa, Małgorzata. “Organy ze Śląska w diecezji siedleckiej

i drohiczyńskiej.” Organy na Śląsku IV, edited by Julian Gembalski.

Akademia Muzyczna w Katowicach, 2012.

Ulrich-Kornacka, Małgorzata. Die Sauer-Orgel im Breslauer Dom wird-

saniert. 2024. Published July 10, 2024. Accessed May 5, 2025, at

https://www.silesia-news.de/2024/07/10/die-sauer-orgel-im-breslau-

er-dom-wird-gruendlich-saniert/.

Wo studiere ich technischeWissenschaften?. Published 1935. Accessed

May 15, 2025, at https://kmim.wm.pwr.edu.pl/blog/2018/08/21/fold-

er-reklamowy-technischen-hochschule-breslau/ [folder].

Zwierz, Maria. Tradycje wystawiennicze we Wrocławiu w latach 1818–

1948. Muzeum Architektury we Wrocławiu, 2016.