Cooperative housing investments – in search of new methods and tools in revitalization processes

Maria Dankowska, Małgorzata Mader

doi:10.37190/arc250106

Abstract

Revitalization is a complex city-wide process aimed at addressing and meeting local needs, including the improvement of housing conditions. Standards and procedures were regulated in Poland in 2015 by the Revitalization Act, which emphasizes stakeholder participation throughout the process, still requiring the development of methods and tools. The article presents solutions used in the Netherlands, especially proven methods of cooperative investment management. Cooperative models implemented in Europe are also used for the creation, adaptation, and modernization of downtown buildings. Based on the experience resulting from the analysis of area revitalization processes in Łódź compared with models such as CLT (Community Land Trust), the authors attempted to recommend alternative methods of action that will enable broader inclusion of stakeholders in participating in ongoing investment processes. This counterproposal assumes creating conditions for implementing an investment financed jointly by the participants. It provides for cooperation between local government and future users. The authors believe that the analyzed models, used so far mainly in housing investments, can be successfully used in larger urban areas. The adaptation of the CLT model to Polish conditions, due to the necessity of non-profit operations, could be an alternative to the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) method, which raises concerns.

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Maria Dankowska*, Małgorzata Mader**

Cooperative housing investments

– in search of new methods and tools in revitalization processes

DOI: 10.37190/arc250106

Published in open access. CC BY NC ND license

Abstract

Revitalization is a complex city-wide process aimed at considering and meeting local needs, including improving conditions in residential

environments. Standards and procedures were regulated in Poland in 2015 by the Revitalization Act, which emphasizes stakeholder participation

throughout the process, still requiring the development of methods and tools.

The article presents solutions used in other European countries, particularly proven methods of cooperative investment management. The cooper-

ative models implemented in Europe are also used for the creation, adaptation, and modernization of downtown buildings. Based on the experiences

from the analysis of area revitalization processes in Łódź, compared with models such as CLT (Community Land Trust), the authors attempt to rec-

ommend alternative methods of operation that would enable broader stakeholder participation in ongoing investment processes.

The proposed counter-proposal assumes the creation of conditions for the implementation of an investment nanced jointly by the participants.

It provides for cooperation between the local government and future users. The authors believe that the analyzed models, so far used mainly in resi-

dential investments, can be successfully employed in larger urban areas. Adapting the CLT model to Polish conditions, due to the need for non-prot

operation, could be an alternative to the controversial public-private partnership (PPP) method.

Key words: revitalization, housing, participation, cooperatives

Introduction

At the beginning of the 21

century, the European Coun-

cil of Urban Planners redened the vision of the future of

European cities by publishing the New Athens Charter

(Europejska Rada Urbanistów 2003). The overriding goal

of planning was to ensure the cohesion of the city, in which

the interests and needs of all its users would be taken into

account. One of the key conditions for shaping cities in the

century was the necessity to apply new participatory

models, but also to introduce economic and investment

solutions that will counteract speculation investment, and

thus regulate dierences in the living conditions of city res-

idents. The eectiveness of the recommendations included

in the charter will depend on the individual formal-legal

and organizational solutions that will be applied in each

European country, and even in individual historical cities.

Contemporary European cities have been created as a re-

sult of long-term processes and multi-generational activity

of their inhabitants, which are manifested in the material and

intangible heritage, creating genius loci, and also a sense of

belonging and identity. This is currently a signicant po-

tential that can be used when planning and building a city

development strategy. In the presented text, the authors fo-

cused on one of the threads of this process, which is the

search for new tools and methods for implementing housing

investments re-using and adapting historical buildings.

Ensuring the supply of apartments can be implemented

as part of new construction investments, but also as part

of revitalization which will enable the maintenance and

modernization of existing housing resources. Revitaliza-

tion processes allow for taking into account both individ-

ual buildings, larger building complexes, public spaces, as

well as the entire urban blocks, and even urban districts.

* ORCID: 0000-0003-3366-0091. National Institute of Cultural

Heritage of Poland, Poland, e-mail: mdankowska@nid.pl

** ORCID: 0009-0000-9392-3258.

Institute of Architecture and Ur-

ban Planning, Lodz University of Technology, Poland, e-mail: malgorzata.

mader@p.lodz.pl.

56 Maria Dankowska, Małgorzata Mader

This complexity of revitalization can be an extensive op-

portunity to shape the housing environment. However, in

the assumptions of the strategic policy of the European

Union (EU), nancial resources obtained from structural

funds for revitalization projects could not be allocated to

nancing renovations, adaptations, or extensions of resi-

dential buildings and apartments. These investments should

be nanced within the framework of programs of individ-

ual member states. Krzysztof Skalski dened this phenom-

enon as “renovation gap”, drawing attention to the need to

develop appropriate mechanisms and models of nancial

support for revitalization, including the use of targeted sub-

sidies from public funds and bank loans (Skalski 2006, 73).

The authors put forward the thesis that in revitalization

processes, the involvement of private nancial resources

(in addition to public funds) is important, as well as the

introduction of other alternative models of co-nancing

housing investments. Additionally, they adopted the thesis

that the fear of local governments losing control over the

revitalization process, if it takes place with the participa-

tion of private funds, is unjustied. Creating apartments

by residents, for residents, in not-for-prot investment pro-

cesses ensures higher quality of living environments and

sustainability of revitalization processes.

The scope of the research refers to the home town of both

authors – Łódź, on the example of which they are looking

for possibilities of applying new formal and participatory

solutions in the implementation of revitalization in Poland.

The presented text includes an analysis of two selected

methods of adaptation and modernization of the historical

housing stock in revitalization processes. The analysis of

Polish examples is juxtaposed with the analysis of selected

models of actions used in Western European countries, i.e.,

the adaptation of the existing post-industrial heritage area

in Hembrug by groups of housing cooperatives, as well as

De Hallen in Amsterdam. The example of Hembrug near

Amsterdam was chosen not only because of its interesting

process model, but also because of the professional practice

of one of the authors in the eld of designing adaptations of

buildings to apartments for collaborative housing groups.

The second Dutch example is the transformation of the for-

mer De Hallen tram depot in Amsterdam into a residential

district with a multifunctional service centre. This is an ex-

ample of the development of a post-industrial area using

the collective private commissioning (CPC) participato-

model (NL: Collectief Particulier Opdrachtgeverschap

– CPO: zelfbouw). Both the described Polish examples and

Dutch cooperative models share a common feature, i.e., the

assumption that the implemented process takes place with

the participation of stakeholders, and its eect should bring

about an improvement in the housing situation of the resi-

dents of the area and the buildings themselves. In addition,

the described processes can be considered new, i.e., imple-

mented in recent years (2012–2024).

As part of the analysis of housing investments, due to

their signicant social function – the form of construction

remains one of the basic indicators (GUS 2024, 22). In 2023,

as many as 98.1% of new apartments in Poland were built as

private and developer investments. Social rental apartments

accounted for only 0.9% of new investments, cooperative

housing 0.6%, and municipal housing 0.4% (GUS 2024,

24). This is a long-term trend indicating a signicant dom

inance of developer implementations in the construction of

apartments in our country (in 2019–2023, this was an aver-

age of 140 thousand residential premises per year). The pro-

found marketisation of housing deepens the problem of low

aordability of newly built apartments. The share of munici-

pal resources in the total number of apartments is decreasing

every year. Another problem is maintaining the appropriate

technical condition of municipal buildings (many years of

neglect in the eld of renovations and debts of the premises

have resulted in the necessity to carry out general, cost-in-

tensive renovations) (Muzioł-Węcławowicz, Nowak 2018).

The huge delay in the management of former housing

re sources in post-communist countries indicates that their

revi talization should be treated on an equal basis with

post-industrial and post-military areas (Pawłowski 2010,

14). Krzy sztof Pawłowski also pointed out that there is little

space for housing projects in revitalization activities. He re-

fers to the key ndings of the Warsaw Recommendations,

e.g., in the following statement: The system of potential

subsidies should be established in such a way as to facili-

tate the acquisition of apartments from social loans through

the rehabilitation of old buildings. An appropriate part of

the funds earmarked for the construction of social housing

should be allocated to the rehabilitation of old buildings

Almost 20 years have passed since this statement was

made, and the situation in post-communist countries has sig-

nicantly improved. However, there are still signicant dif-

ferences in spatial development, economic development and

social participation. The scale of needs, despite successfully

implemented revitalization processes, is large, and more his-

toric housing complexes are waiting for action to be taken.

Currently, in Poland, we are already at the stage of multi-year

implementation of revitalization processes, but many models

and tools used so far require revision and improvement.

There are questions and issues that need to be solved,

as well as challenges facing Polish cities in the context of

housing investments in revitalization activities. The au-

thors of the article tried to engage in a debate on this topic,

while searching for good examples and methods used suc-

cessfully in the countries of the so-called “old” European

Union. Their key goals in this area concerned:

– searching for alternative models of creating a hous-

ing oer that could be addressed to residents regardless of

their nancial status,

– implementing methods of activating and cooperating

local communities and stakeholders in the investment pro-

cesses (ensuring the durability and maintenance of positive

revitalization eects in the long term),

– searching for alternatives to the current model of own-

ership structure in Poland with the separation of real estate

ownership (currently in Poland the ownership of land is

linked to the building),

This refers to the Warsaw Recommendation, drafted by the Con-

ference of Experts in February 1976 and adopted by the UNESCO

Gene ral Assembly in Nairobi in November 1976 (cf. Pawłowski 2006,

29–31). Notably, despite the passage of half a century, many of the prin-

ciples expressed at that time remain relevant today.

Cooperative housing in revitalization 57

– searching for various tools and methods of investment

implementation – optimally matched to the existing con-

ditions.

The research methodology used for the purposes of the

article is a comparative analysis of the ways of implement-

ing Polish investments with the Dutch ones. A study of pri-

mary data, eld visits, analysis of retrospective data anal-

ysis of formal and legal conditions and a literature review

on the subject was also carried out. Examples covering his-

torical developments (adaptations at the architectural scale)

and newly implemented developments located in historical

urban layouts were compared. Additionally, the selection

of the described examples and the processes of their im-

plementation was determined by the authors’ knowledge of

them, resulting from their cooperation in creating the de-

scribed models of revitalization and housing investments.

The selected examples were described in terms of the

social process, investment model, ownership structure and

the visible eects of the investment, including issues of ar -

chi tectural aesthetics and preservation of genius loci. When

formulating the proposed model, a special attention was

paid to the existing models preventing speculation in real

estate. A comparative analysis of examples of implemented

housing investments allowed for the formulation of conclu-

sions and recommendations for new models and methods

of revitalization implementation.

The authors understand cooperative housing invest-

ments as investments in which the stakeholders of the pro-

cess, i.e., current and future residents of a given building

or area, participate, also nancially. The scope of residents’

participation goes beyond the framework set by the pro-

visions of the Revitalization Act and includes subsequent

steps of the participation ladder (Slay, Stephens 2013, 4),

i.e., involvement in the decision-making process and/or

co-creation. Cooperative, grassroots models of revitaliza-

tion are found in the literature of the subject under the term

community-led revitalization. To some extent, the area de-

scribed in this article includes non-prot housing models,

including investments by social housing organizations (PL:

Społeczne Inicjatywy Mieszkaniowe – SIM), consortia of

rental apartments (DE: Mietshäuser Syndikat – MHS)

and in particular the more broadly described Communi-

ty Land Trust (ENG: – CLT) that can engage grassroots

groups such as collaborative housing groups.

Revitalization activities in urban areas

– selected examples

Revitalization of the existing development taking

into account the aspect of stakeholder involvement

in the process – the example of Łódź

Łódź is the city where the discussion on revitalization

and its implementation began early. This process covered

more than two decades of activities and should certainly be

MHS is a non-commercial initiative by two organizations that

assist resident associations in acquiring shared, aordable housing. The

consortium takes nancial stakes in projects or existing properties to pre-

vent them from being resold on the commercial market.

continued. The methodology was developed at the turn of

the 20

and 21

centuries, using foreign models and exam-

ples. In 2004, the interdisciplinary Prorevita program de-

veloped and adopted by the City Council resolution was ac-

cepted

. The selected examples from Łódź are areas where

a signicant part of revitalization projects have been imple-

mented. This allows for a retrospective, but only partial as-

sessment of the processes, because despite the completion

of construction works, the social and economic process is

still ongoing, and its nal eects have yet to be seen.

From the beginning, it was assumed that the scale of

needs in Łódź is so huge that it is impossible to simulta-

neously conduct revitalization in all structures and areas

that require it. Therefore, a method of designating priority

and pilot areas was adopted. The 2004 programme desig-

nated one pilot area (the quarter of Piotrkowska, Tuwima,

Kilińskiego and Piłsudskiego streets) and priority areas (the

area of the Łódź-Fabryczna railway station and Narutowi-

cza Street; the interface area between Manufaktura and the

structure of the City Centre; the Water Market and Księży

Młyn)

. Księży Młyn was one of the rst revitalisation

programmes implemented in Łódź. The second described

example, the area of Włókiennicza Street, is the rst pilot

revitalisation area (according to: Lokalny Program Rewi-

talizacji Łodzi: LPR 2009)

, and at the same time a priority

zone for the comprehensive revitalization of Łódź city cen-

tre, intended to serve as a model for other cities in Poland.

Revitalization of the historic housing complex

Księży Młyn in Łódź

Księży Młyn was one of the rst areas of Łódź where

revitalization plans were started. It is a special place, histor-

ically linked to the subsequent stages of the city’s develop-

ment. In the 19

century, on the initiative of Karol Wilhelm

Scheibler, an extensive industrial-residential com plex was

built here, including factories, residences and a housing es-

tate for workers. After the war, Scheibler’s plants became

the property of the State Treasury and subsequently were

transferred to the municipality of Łódź. This area is a part

of the Historical Monument “Łódź – the multicultural land-

scape of the industrial city”.

The revitalization covered an area of approximately 6.7

ha, constituting only a part of the entire Księży Młyn de-

The Simplied Local Revitalization Program for Selected Downt 

own and PostIndustrial Areas of Łódź for the Years 2004–2013 (Uchwała

Rady Miejskiej 2004) was updated in 2005. A favourable circumstance

for initiating the revitalization was Poland’s accession to the European

Union and the opportunity to benet from EU programs and funding.

As Edyta Kowalska stated: for the designated […] pilot area and

one of the priority areas, provisionally named the southern and northern

[…], the “Integrated Revitalization Program for Central Areas of Łódź”

was developed (Kowalska 2007, 133).

The Local Revitalization Program of Łódź (Uchwała Rady Miej-

skiej 2009) introduced a signicant change compared to the previous

program by adopting an area-based revitalization model for the city cen-

tre. To achieve this, the “Core of the Downtown Zone” was designated

and divided into numbered sections, determining the order of revitaliza-

tion implementation. Following the enactment of the Revitalization Act

of October 9, 2015 (Ustawa 2015), Łódź began developing the Munici-

pal Revitalization Program (GPR), which replaced the LPR.

58 Maria Dankowska, Małgorzata Mader

velopment, located at Księży Młyn, Fabryczna and Przę-

dzalniana Streets (Fig. 1). The evolution of methods and

approaches to revitalization in this area is interesting. In

2004, the planning for the revitalization of residential es-

tates with 19

-century workers’ houses in Łódź began.

The program was to cover 33 buildings, i.e., 1,111 prem-

ises inhabited by over 2,500 people and 14 commercial

premises

. As described by the then deputy mayor of the

city, Włodzimierz Tomaszewski, […] the workers’ hous-

es are to be revitalized by an investor partner selected in

a competition (Tomaszewski 2010, 32). The city anticipat-

ed that the investor would proactively build new houses

meeting municipal housing standards to which the current

residents of the estate would be relocated. Only then were

renovations of historic buildings to begin, and upon their

completion the investor would gain the right to sell apart-

ments on the open market. This revitalization model aimed

to improve the living conditions of the current tenants, as

well as ensure the restoration of historic buildings; howev-

er, it did not take into account the individual needs of the

residents or prevent the increase in property values.

At the same time, discussions emerged in Łódź regard-

ing the necessity of conducting public consultations for

planned revitalization eorts. One of the rst consulta-

The preliminary plans for the revitalization of Księży Młyn were

based on Tomaszewski’s work (2010, 29–37) and information regarding

the Social Revitalization Strategy (SSR) obtained from the former Revi-

talization Project Oce of the Łódź City Hall (UMŁ). The revitalization

project for the family houses was intended to cover several locations,

namely Księży Młyn along with Plac Zwycięstwa and the buildings in

Przędzalniana Street, as well as the area around Ogrodowa Street.

tions began in 2007 in the Księży Młyn district (including

surveys and establishing contact points in local schools).

These consultations laid the foundation for the “Social Re-

vitalization Strategy” program

, with a particular focus on

the “Family Houses Revitalization Program”. The results

of the surveys indicated a predominant share of munici-

pal apartments allocated by the city, ranging in size from

9 to 154 m

(on average about 50 m

, i.e., 2- or 3-room

units)

(Fig. 2). This variation in apartment sizes reects

the original 19

-century designs of the family houses in

Księży Młyn. Most respondents indicated the poor tech-

nical condition of the buildings, with approximately half

of the respondents declaring their willingness to remain in

their current place of residence.

Since 2012, renovations have been underway in the

Księ ży Młyn district, alongside a reassessment of the ini-

tial revitalization plans. This phased and long-term pro-

cess, spanning from 2012 to 2023

, covered the renovation

of 47 multi-family residential buildings, utility buildings,

former communal facilities, a school and public spaces,

such as courtyards and the Koci Szlak, as well as a seg-

ment of the former Factory Railway. Creative studios and

service premises were also created (Fig. 3). The project

coordinator was Arkadiusz Bogusławski, who emphasized

the importance of addressing residents’ needs. One of his

initiatives was to provide temporary housing in close prox-

imity to the revitalized area to maintain social ties. To this

end, buildings at 91 Przędzalniana Street were renovated,

including a wooden house from the early industrial de-

velopment of Łódź. The project utilized European Union

funds, notably from the European Regional Development

Fund under the Regional Operational Program for the

Łódź Voivodeship for 2014–2020, as well as national bud-

get resources

Currently, the revitalization of Księży Młyn is nearing

completion, with 180 families having returned to the ren-

ovated buildings. However, several family houses within

the complex are still awaiting renovation. Due to their

mixed ownership structures, with a signicant portion of

privately owned units, alternative revitalization models

may need to be considered for these properties.

The revitalization program for the family houses, which was part

of the SSR program, was adopted by the City Council of Łódź Resolution

No. XXII/464/07 on December 5, 2007 (Uchwała Rady Miejskiej 2007).

The SSR program received funding from external sources, including the

European Social Fund (with an EFS contribution of 9.7 billion euros,

or approximately 85% of the costs) and the National Cohesion Strategy

(about 15% of the costs). The implementation of the revitalization did

not involve private capital from the residents.

Data were collected from two groups of respondents, and the

article presents the aggregated data. This is based on the Report from the

evaluation of the Social Revitalization Strategy project, conducted by

the City of Łódź and the company Media-Tor (Raport z badania 2009).

This model of revitalization closely resembles the ABCD model

(Asset-Based Community Development), which is a method of social

development based on existing resources/potentials. It focuses on ac-

tivation and takes into account the real needs of the local community.

Funding was obtained for the implementation of various stages

of the project. For example, the project “On the Trail of Textile Archi-

tecture. Revitalization of Księży Młyn” (agreement from 2018) received

funding of over 39 million PLN, which accounted for about 65% of the

project’s total value.

Fig. 1. Łódź, Location of the Księży Młyn workers’ housing estate

– the part undergoing revitalization

(elaborated by M. Dankowska, M. Mader based on Google Maps)

Il. 1. Łódź, lokalizacja osiedla robotniczego Księży Młyn

– część objęta rewitalizacją

(oprac. M. Dankowska, M. Mader na podstawie Google Maps)

Cooperative housing in revitalization 59

The AreaBased Revitalization of Łódź City Center

– Pilot Area No. 1, Włókiennicza Street

In 2011, the Municipal Urban Planning Oce (MPU)

in Łódź developed initial revitalization concepts for the

area surrounding Włókiennicza Street. The urban design

aimed to initiate discussions on revaluation of two blocks

bordered by Rewolucji 1905, Kilińskiego, Jaracza, and

Wschodnia Streets (Dankowska 2016). This approxi-

mately 6.6 ha area, intersected by Włókiennicza Street

(formerly Kamienna Street), was selected due to signi-

cant municipal property ownership and notable social and

spatial degradation (Fig. 4). Various implementation mod-

els for the redevelopment were considered, including an

“in-house” approach, which would allow the assignment

of investment tasks directly to the Social Housing Asso-

ciation

, or alternatively, an investment oer could be

prepared for private investors (e.g., identifying municipal

properties along with urban planning guidelines) (Fig. 5).

This model could be implemented through a form of pub-

lic-private partnership (PPP)

Such an investment approach would be possible based on the Act

of September 11, 2019, Public Procurement Law (Ustawa 2019), which

stipulates that investments are entrusted to a legal entity over which the

contracting authority exercises control. This legal entity must carry out

at least 90% of the tasks entrusted by the controlling party and must not

directly hold private capital. This investment model was successfully

applied in the revitalization of the pilot quarter in Bytom between Jan-

uary 2016 and December 2018 (Bytom Model of Aordable Housing)

(Jadach-Sepioło, Kułaczkowska and Mróz 2018).

The use of the PPP (Public-Private Partnership) formula raises

many concerns and diculties, including the lack of established models

Fig. 2. Łódź, Family houses in Księży Młyn:

a) site plan and archival design of the family house at 58 Przędzalniana Street (marked with the symbol P58)

– the project was changed, longer houses were built, with 11 axes (source: APŁ, RGP WB sygn. 54),

b) a diagram of the functional layout of the house at 49 Przędzalniana Street (symbol P49). Floor plans at the top, ground floor plans

at the bottom – all houses had 2 and 1/2 bays, but different lengths, as well as a different number and size of apartments.

Similar differences have been taken into account in contemporary building adaptation projects

(elaborated by architectural studio Arta & Piotr Dankowski)

Il. 2. Łódź, domy familijne na Księżym Młynie:

a) plan sytuacyjny oraz projekt archiwalny domu familijnego przy ul. Przędzalnianej 58 (oznaczony symbolem P58)

– projekt zmieniony, zrealizowano domy dłuższe, 11-osiowe (źródło: APŁ, RGP WB sygn. 54),

b) schemat układu funkcjonalnego domu przy Przędzalnianej 49 (symbol P49), u góry rzuty piętra, na dole rzuty parteru

– wszystkie domy miały 2 i 1/2 traktu, ale różną długość, jak też różną liczbę i wielkość mieszkań,

podobne zróżnicowanie uwzględniono we współczesnych projektach adaptacji budynków (oprac. Pracownia Arta & Piotr Dankowski)

60 Maria Dankowska, Małgorzata Mader

Fig. 3. Łódź, photos of Księży Młyn estate:

a) “konsumy” (former factory store), b) residential houses, c) the interior of an art studio,

d) the house with replacement residential units at 91 Przędzalniana Street (photo by M. Dankowska, 2022–2024)

Il. 3. Łódź, zdjęcia osiedla Księży Młyn:

a) konsumy (dawny sklep fabryczny), b) domy mieszkalne, c) wnętrze pracowni artystycznej,

d) dom z mieszkalnymi lokalami zastępczymi przy ul. Przędzalnianej 91 (fot. M. Dankowska, 2022–2024)

In 2012, the Łódź City Oce (UMŁ) established the

Revitalization Bureau, focusing on pilot models grounded

in public consultations. The formal basis was provided by

the Local Revitalization Program (LPR), identifying the city

centre as the focal area and designating eight priority zones,

with the Włókiennicza Street area as the rst pilot project.

This revitalization initiative received substantive and na

cial support from the Ministry of Investment and Economic

Development, as well as the Cohesion Fund. The revitalisa-

tion process encompassed the renovation of tenement hous-

es, development of public spaces – including “woonerfs”

and the Majewski Passage – and the implementation of so-

cial revitalization processes (Dankowska 2018, 82–84). In

reference to the tools and methods applied in investment

processes, it should be noted that they should not serve as

exemplary models. Concerns were raised regarding the use

and standards that could be applied to various projects, as well as the

need for thorough preparation of the substantive oer preceding the se-

lection of the private entity. The most signicant concerns relate to the

control and supervision stages of PPP processes. As Magdalena Załęczna

emphasized, abandoning the PPP model under a restrictive legal frame-

work […] serves as a form of protection against potential corruption

accusations (the famous expansion of the acronym: PPPP – the fourth P

stands for prosecution) (2010, 88).

Fig. 4. Łódź, location of the quarters in Włókiennicza Street in Łódź,

the first area of pilot revitalization

(elaborated by M. Dankowska, M. Mader based on Google Maps)

Il. 4. Łódź, lokalizacja kwartałów przy ulicy Włókienniczej w Łodzi,

tj. pierwszego obszaru pilotażowej rewitalizacji

(oprac. M. Dankowska, M. Mader na podstawie Google Maps)

a c

b d

Cooperative housing in revitalization 61

of functional-utility programs (PFU) and the “design and

build” formula

, leading to unied solutions that did not

fully align with local needs and specics. Artistic com-

petitions and student workshops oered some improve-

ment, resulting in unique artistic collages on the façades of

Włókien nicza Street’s tenements

. In terms of social revi-

talization, initially applied in the pilot area and subsequently

in the other seven priority zones, in addition to using proven

methods of public consultations (especially at the beginning

of the revitalization process), new methods were developed

alongside established public consultation practices. These

included appointing “area hosts” and “social liaisons” (per-

sonal resident advisors). This approach shifted from desk-

based working to on-the-ground

engagement and constant

interaction with the local community. Residents were re-

quired to move out of their current apartments, with the op-

tion to return after renovations. This process aected over

2,000 families (approx. 500 from Włókiennicza Street),

with most expressing a desire to relocate only once

. Due

to this, another crucial aspect was to develop a model for

reoccupying the tenement houses after their renovations

The renovated buildings included municipal apartments,

units for sale, and commercial spaces. However, methods

to prevent nancial speculation in the trading of properties

within the revitalized areas were not established.

The revitalization of the pilot area in Łódź city centre

demonstrates that success does not necessarily mean that all

original residents remain in the area. Success encompasses

improving the living conditions and social situations of pre-

vious inhabitants, renovating tenement houses, and prepar-

ing units for new occupants

. Relocation and adaptation to

a new environment can cause anxiety and stress. Adapta

tion and the formation of social bonds are long-term pro

cesses, and undergoing this process twice in a short peri

od can negate positive social outcomes. It is essential to

thoughtfully consider the assumptions and eects of revi

talization and to reassess them based on new experiences

(Fig. 6).

Revitalization through Cooperative Group Investments

– The Netherlands Example

One intriguing approach to developing multi-family re-

sidential buildings in the Netherlands is the cooperative

and participatory housing model. This model is eective

for both constructing new buildings and adapting existing

Along with the criterion for selecting the contractor – the lowest

price.

Some visions sparked controversy, particularly when it comes

to ignoring basic conservation design principles. At the same time, the

project avoided architectural unication and resulted in a unique tourist

product that is unlike anything found in other cities.

Out of more than 460 families that participated in the public con-

sultations, only 11 expressed their willingness to return to Włókiennicza

Street (Raport z konsultacji społecznych 2014).

For example, the Łódź model of the “multigenerational house”.

Comprehensive revitalization requires the relocation of residents

for safety reasons during the construction process and the need to change

the layout of the apartments. “Post-revitalization” often involves a decrease

in population density and the creation of new functional relationships.

Fig. 5. The concept of development of quarters in Włókiennicza Street

in Łódź. Colours mark municipal properties or properties

with a significant share of municipal premises

in which investments were to be carried out

as part of the revitalization processes.

Public spaces are marked with a yellow line

(elaborated by M. Dankowska, I. Hałucha, S. Nogalski,

Municipal Urban Planning Office in Lodz, 2011)

Il. 5. Koncepcja zagospodarowania kwartałów przy ul. Włókienniczej

w Łodzi. Kolorami oznaczono nieruchomości gminne lub

ze znaczącym udziałem lokali gminnych, w których miały być

realizowane inwestycje w ramach procesów rewitalizacji.

Żółtym szrafem oznaczono przestrzenie publiczne

(oprac. M. Dankowska, I. Hałucha, S. Nogalski,

Miejska Pracownia Urbanistyczna w Łodzi, 2011)

ones. Two examples of Dutch projects initiated by collec-

tive investors through grassroots eorts, situated within hi-

sto rical settings, are presented below.

Hembrug (Zaandam)

The Hembrug Terrein is a 42.5-hectare peninsula in the

municipality of Zaandam, near Amsterdam. Established in

1895, it housed artillery factories producing rearms and

ammunition for the Dutch army. Until production ceased

entirely in 2014, the area remained a military site closed

to the public. In 2017, the central government real estate

agency, Rijksvastgoedbedrijf, oered 30 ha of this land for

sale, including over 70 buildings, 35 of which are listed

in the national register of monuments (NL: rijksmonumen -

ten).

In 2018, ABC Planontwikkeling company acquired

the area, planning to construct 1,000 residences and allo-

cate 25,000 m

for commercial spaces. The company sold

a portion of the properties located in the northwestern part

62 Maria Dankowska, Małgorzata Mader

of the peninsula (approx. 2.2 ha). These buildings were

pur chased by collaborative housing groups known as Col-

lectief Particulier Opdrachtgeverschap (CPO), collectively

forming the Hembrug Enclave “De Hemburgers” Collec-

tive (Fig. 7).

The spatial development plan for the entire area (2016–

2019) included guidelines for public spaces and adapted

buildings, as well as the plan by ABC Planontwikkeling

A key element was involving stakeholders in planning the

site’s adaptation. The original project was rejected in 2019

due to noise emission constraints for residential areas,

which would have hindered the operations of nearby busi-

nesses. The stakeholder engagement plan remained valid,

and its implementation was entrusted to the rm Kickstad,

As part of the plan, buildings in the northern part were to be

adapted in the so-called life and work formula – a designated part of the

building space was to be allocated for apartments, while the rest was in-

tended for workshops. Depending on the building, between 30 and 50%

of the space was to become Werkruimte, i.e., a workspace. Ultimately,

these divisions functioned only until the building permit was obtained,

and the new plan from 2020 did not impose such a requirement.

which published a process report in January 2025 (Kick-

stad 2025).

The participatory structure at Hembrug had to consider

the characteristics of the area: multiple simultaneous plan-

ning processes at both macro (entire area and its sections)

and micro (individual residences) levels, along with a sig-

nicant dispersion of stakeholder communication channels.

The participation process plan was based on four pillars:

– order of information delivery: (emphasizing online

channels, including social media),

– regular and frequent communication: (implemented

through online meetings like “Aan de Hembrugtafel” talk

shows on YouTube and digital newsletters),

– tailored messages for dierent target groups (utilizing

oral, digital, and written communications),

– aligning information with audience needs (providing

various avenues for expressing needs, such as interactive

idea maps, digital surveys, and both live and online meet-

ings, including one-to-one sessions).

The participatory process led to the development of guide -

lines addressing various aspects of the Hembrug area’s rede-

velopment, i.e., guidelines of appropriate building heights

Fig. 6. Łódź, the Włókiennicza Street area before and after revitalization (photo by M. Dankowska and P. Dankowski, 2011–2024)

Il. 6. Łódź, rejon ul. Włókienniczej przed rewitalizacją i po niej (fot. M. Dankowska i P. Dankowski, 2011–2024)

Cooperative housing in revitalization 63

and identifying locations for prominent structures to maintain

the area’s character, ensuring suitable proximity of new con-

structions to existing structures, pre servation of Hembrug’s

visual identity, conservation of ora and fauna, improving

access to the area through better public transportation options

and ferry connectivity, zoning for vehicles, cyclists, and pe-

destrians and assigning parking areas to meet the needs of

residents and visitors while minimizing congestion.

In parallel with the macro-scale participatory process,

individual collaborative housing groups within the Hem-

brug Enclave undertook the design of residences in the

buildings they had acquired. The investment process was

grassroots-driven, with each building managed inde-

pendently under the Collective Private Commissioning

(Collectief Particulier Opdrachtgeverschap – CPO) model,

utilizing individual mortgages (Fig. 8). In the Hembrug

Enclave project, buildings designated for adaptation were

allocated through a grassroots process among 36 families,

taking into account the varied budgets of the stakeholders:

A5, A8+A9, M7, M6 – single-family units

A12 – two-family unit,

M8, M9 – three-family units,

A7 – six-family unit,

A11 – fourteen-family unit,

A6 – communal non-residential building.

Each group independently secured permits for building

adaptations and selected architectural rms to collaborate

on the designs. Architects worked closely with the muni -

cipality, future residents as collectives, and individual fa-

milies to tailor the projects to specic needs. The design

phases spanned from 2019 to 2022. By late 2024, building

Fig. 7. Location of the Hembrug peninsula with

the “Hembrug Enclave” area marked,

adapted by housing cooperatives

(elaborated by M. Dankowska, M. Mader based on Google Maps)

Il. 7. Lokalizacja półwyspu Hembrug wraz z zaznaczeniem obszaru

„Hembrug Enclave” adaptowanego przez kooperatywy mieszkaniowe

(oprac. M. Dankowska, M. Mader na podstawie Google Maps)

Fig. 8. Visualization of the “Hembrug Enclave” projects

(elaborated by M. Mader)

Il. 8. Wizualizacja projektów „Hembrug Enclave” (oprac. M. Mader)

Fig. 9. Scheme of the adaptation of building A12 (the former sanitary

building of the ammunition factory) into two apartments

(elaborated by M. Mader)

Il. 9. Schemat adaptacji budynku A12 (byłego budynku sanitariatów

fabryki amunicji) na dwa mieszkania

(oprac. M. Mader)

A12, designed by architects Danny van Kessel (Buro Loof)

and Małgorzata Mader (Mader Architekci), was completed

and occupied (Figs. 9, 10).

Cooperative housing projects that rely on individual

mort gages often face criticism for their perceived exclusiv-

ity, the necessity for active resident involvement, and the

high costs of the resulting homes. These factors can limit

aordability for low- and middle- income families, raising

concerns about inclusivity. The organizational structure

assumes the possibility of selling the individual units. At

the same time, social bonds created spontaneously during

the long-term process are an indisputable advantage of the

64 Maria Dankowska, Małgorzata Mader

formula that keeps people in their place of residence. Un-

doubtedly, the participatory approach results in great archi-

tectural outcomes, including the high quality of the materi-

als used, attention to nishing details, ensured not only by

the designers but also by the users themselves present at the

construction site.

De Hallen Quarter in Amsterdam

De Hallen is an area that once served as a municipal

tram depot from 1901 to 1996. This site, also known as

the Hallen Quarter, is owned by the municipality of Am-

sterdam and covers approximately 4 ha in the Oud-West

district (Fig. 11). The revitalization program aimed to

adapt the historic depot buildings and construct new res-

idential units, oces, commercial spaces, hotels, park-

ing facilities, and public areas adjacent to the buildings.

Following the depot’s closure, the municipality struggled

to nd investors willing to nance the project. In 2010,

2,000 of the

15,000 m

of halls were occupied by squatters

who initiated micro-initiatives to integrate the neighbour-

hood. Three years later, local eorts led to the creation of the

non-prot organization Tram Remise Development Compa-

ny (TROM),

bringing together residents, entrepreneurs, and

stakeholders associated with the De Hallen area. Utilizing

private funds, the Tram Remise Ontwikkelings Maatsch-

appij (TROM)

developed an action plan that initiated the

Fig. 10. “Hembrug Enclave”, photos of building A12 during the completion phase.

The remaining buildings of the “Hembrug Enclave” have not yet been completed

(desiged by D. van Kessel and M. Mader; photo by M. Mader and M. Suskiewicz, 2024)

Il. 10. „Hembrug Enclave”, zdjęcia w fazie ukończenia budynku A12. Pozostałe budynki nie zostały jeszcze ukończone

(proj. D. van Kessel, M. Mader; fot. M. Mader i M. Suskiewicz, 2024)

Fig. 11. Amsterdam, location of De Hallen quarter

with CPO-housing cooperatives area marked

(elaborated by M. Dankowska, M. Mader based on Google Maps)

Il. 11. Amsterdam, lokalizacja kwartału De Hallen

wraz z zaznaczeniem obszaru zainwestowanego

przez kooperatywy mieszkaniowe

(oprac. M. Dankowska, M. Mader na podstawie Google Maps)

Cooperative housing in revitalization 65

revitalization of the former tram depot. The Municipality

of Amsterdam partnered in this process by formulating

a local zoning plan and advocating for the inclusion of var-

ious stakeholders in the redevelopment eorts.

The Hallen Quarter in Amsterdam was divided into ve

main sections: the former De Hallen tram depot (adaptation

of historic buildings), Bellamyplein Park (Bellamy Square

Park), and three sub-areas designated for residential devel-

opment: Kwintijn I, Kwintijn II, and a site for collabora-

tive housing groups (CPO), where ve apartment buildings

were constructed

. Twenty percent of the new residences

(68 out of 330) were allocated to the housing corporation

Alliantie, focusing on social housing. The de signs for the

ve cooperative housing buildings were developed in

two phases. Stadsherstel, an institution specializing in the

restoration of Amsterdam’s historic monuments, created

partial plans. Detailed plans were then developed by indi-

The risks and costs of the mentioned investments were fully

borne by the private investors.

Fig. 12. Amsterdam:

a) photos of the De Hallen quarter,

b) the street frontage

with buildings resulting from

cooperative CPO investments

(photo by M. Mader, 2024)

Il. 12. Amsterdam:

a) zdjęcia kwartału De Hallen,

b) pierzeja ulicy z budynkami

powstałymi w wyniku

inwestycji kooperatywnych CPO

(fot. M. Mader, 2024)

vidual co operative groups in collaboration with selected

architects. Groups such as De Roze Hallen, Knallen voor

de Hallen, Mijn Grachtenpand, Oud West Thuis Best, and

the OntwerpJeWoning housing cooperative collectively

built 49 apartments. The remaining units were developed

under the Van Wijnen Projectontwikkeling West model.

The nal building was completed in 2018. The design pro-

cess also considered conservation requirements – not only

through the preservation and adaptation of the former

tram depot but also by ensuring that the new architectur-

al solutions harmonized with the character of the historic

surroundings.

The revitalization of the Hallen Quarter has transformed

the area into a vibrant, multifunctional complex that seam-

lessly integrates residential, commercial, and public spac-

es. Beyond the newly developed housing, the site now

includes cultural venues, dining establishments, oces,

spaces for small enterprises, underground parking facili-

ties, and public areas (Fig. 12). This transformation was

achieved through a participatory planning process, inte-

grating community-led investment, ensuring that both the

66 Maria Dankowska, Małgorzata Mader

overall layout of the quarter and individual projects align

with the needs of the community.

This inclusive approach facilitated the multifaceted and

multifunctional integration of the area into the city’s struc-

ture, aligning solutions with user needs, expanding the

range of stakeholders, and ensuring accessibility and safe-

ty. Consequently, De Hallen has become a vibrant enclave

characterized by a diverse program and varied ownership,

ensuring the long-term vitality of the neighbourhood and

sustainability of the revitalization.

The proposed model

for implementing housing investments

The housing investment models implemented in Łódź

and Amsterdam have achieved notable architectural and

social successes. However, there is a noticeable polariza-

tion concerning the investment participation of stakehold-

ers in these processes. The traditional model of urban revi-

talization employed in Łódź primarily relies on executing

investments through tenders announced by the municipali-

ty. These projects are carried out under the supervision and

guidelines of local authorities and are limited to properties

managed by public entities, while according to the prin-

ciples of the Revitalization Act, residents should be key

stakeholders in the revitalization process. In practice, the

municipality collects and processes residents’ feedback,

incorporating it selectively and without direct accountabil-

ity to the residents for the outcomes of the process. In the

traditional model, funding primarily comes from munici-

pal budgets, external sources, and private investors, result-

ing in prots mainly accruing to these investors. This can

lead to increased rents, gentrication, and social exclusion.

The Amsterdam approach to urban revitalization, while

innovative, primarily targeted nancially stable individu-

als, placing the entire nancial burden on future residents.

This strategy often excluded lower-income groups and

those in the rental gap. To address these limitations, a pro-

posed model draws inspiration from the Community Land

Trust (CLT) framework, adapting it for inner-city areas un-

dergoing comprehensive revitalization. In this cooperative

revitalization model, the primary objective is to provide

aordable housing through collective decision-making

and active stakeholder participation. The inclusive process

involves residents, investors, and local communities col-

laborating at every stage of development. Financial bene-

ts are equitably distributed among these groups, ensuring

enhanced transparency and accountability.

Addressing housing needs should involve co-nancing

from both public funds and private resources. In Poland,

collaborative housing groups (PL: kooperatywy mieszka-

niowe) can undertake projects funded through members’

own contributions, often secured via individual loans. If

a housing cooperative intends to nance a project using

pooled resources, it would need to obtain legal personality,

such as by establishing itself as a non-prot organization.

This structure ensures that any prots generated from the

investment are reinvested into subsequent projects, there-

by preventing speculation and ensuring long-term housing

availability. An essential tool for municipalities to balance

competitiveness between potential non-prot and for-prof-

it investors is the ability to sell land through restricted

tenders specically for collaborative housing groups and

small housing associations

Transparent processes, along with social and nancial

accountability among stakeholders, are fundamental to

the cooperative housing model’s eectiveness in prevent-

ing gentrication and fostering social integration. Coop-

erative eorts can be implemented through collaborative

housing groups, but also via other non-prot organization-

al models. One such model is the Social Housing Initia-

tive (SIM), formerly known as Social Building Societies

(TBS) in which future residents can become members of

a non-prot organization that undertakes the construction

or renovation of housing units.

The nancing mechanisms for urban revitalization cur-

rently available in Poland, such as Social Housing Initia-

tives (SIMs) and Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs), are

not being fully utilized. Despite their potential, there are

few instances where SIMs have been employed for revi-

talization projects. Similarly, investments utilizing the PPP

model are even rarer. Concerns and doubts regarding these

tools are deeply rooted in the consciousness of Polish of-

cials and decision-makers, leading to the abandonment

of these solutions. An alternative (and “safer”) proposal

could be to explore other methods and forms of nancing

housing investments in degraded urban areas. One partic-

ularly interesting solution might be a deposit system that

ensures long-term aordability, similar to the Communi-

ty Land Trust (CLT) model. The association of prospec-

tive residents provides a deposit to buyers at the time of

purchasing a home. The buyers receive the same rights as

any other homeowner, with the stipulation that they must

reside in the property themselves. If they decide to sell

the property, they are required to return the deposit to the

association. In this model, when a homeowner decides to

sell their property, they receive only the amount they have

invested during their period of ownership. This approach

is designed to prevent the treatment of housing as a market

commodity. The organization has the rst opportunity to

purchase the home, which it typically exercises to maintain

housing aordability. The home is then resold to a new

buyer, who receives the original deposit and a portion of

any accrued equity. The proposed model is presented in

Table 1.

Conclusions and discussion

Fostering social bonds and neighbourhood stability at

the housing unit and individual investment levels is crucial

for ensuring the sustainability of both revitalization and

commercial investment processes. To achieve this, these

processes should be conducted inclusively by involving

stakeholders at every stage of investment preparation and

Particular attention should be given to the mechanisms of hous-

ing cooperatives in Poland, which were applied during the interwar pe-

riod after the enactment of the Cooperative Act (Ustawa o spółdziel niach

1920; Ustawa 2022). In the Polish context, these mechanisms could

serve as an alternative model for collaborative housing groups.

Cooperative housing in revitalization 67

The traditional model in the revitalized area The proposed cooperative revitalization model

Goal: Affordable housing

in a designated area managed

by the municipality

The municipality announces a tender for

the investment, specifying program requirements

(e.g., PFU) revitalization ambitions.

The municipality decides to initiate

the process together with the existing

neighbourhood. In doing so, it chooses

to prevent the commercialization of the area.

Key stakeholders

The municipality and an investment partner,

such as a developer or substitute investor,

along with advisors, determine the potential

return on investment.

The impact is shared among three groups:

local residents, community members,

and public interest representatives

(e.g., the municipality). The parties stipulate

that the organization is non-profit,

and investments are non-speculative, ensuring

the long-term availability of resources.

Program/Project Management Method

The municipality, as an investor/decision-maker,

organizes meetings, consultations, workshops,

and prototyping sessions to share information

and gather feedback on planned processes.

Co-decision and stakeholder participation.

The municipality acts as a facilitator

of the process but is not the sole financially

responsible party.

Conceptual Process

The team develops the concept in accordance

with the requirements set in the tender.

The municipality selects a team whose proposal

aligns with the established expectations.

The project is executed as an expert study,

including specialized industry-specific designs

(by an external contractor). Information

for the project is provided by the client in

the form of documentation (with no direct contact

between the designer and future users)

An organization (including future residents)

with the right to manage the land designs the

area based on previously agreed-upon shared

values. Long-term goals are established,

focusing on the types of housing desired

in the area, as well as additional services

and resources that contribute

to neighbourhood development.

Land

Investments take place only on land owned

by the municipality.

Sold or leased through a restricted tender

process, for example, to collaborative

housing groups.

Existing buildings and land

not owned by the municipality

They are not included

in the revitalization process.

The revitalization fund provides the possibility

of granting a loan to the building owner,

or in the absence of willingness, the municipality

may proceed with expropriation. After the

revitalization investment is completed, the owner

has the right of first refusal for their property.

Contracts

The municipality signs a contract with the selected

team for the implementation of the winning project

(based on the lowest price criterion). A frequently

used procedure in the “design and build” mode.

The basic assumptions of the tender are clari-

fied and developed by all stakeholders. They

define their roles and objectives by adopting

a perpetual statute of the organization.

Financing

Funded by municipal resources

or funds acquired by the municipality.

Financing from public and private funds,

including private investors within the group

and under the SIM framework.

Affordability of housing

Before revitalization, rental costs are regulated

and reduced by the so-called correction coefficient.

The municipality may regulate rental costs

for a specified period.

After renovations are completed, rents are

commercialized under free-market conditions,

depending on the ownership structure

of the residential building.

Rental costs are set at a low rate

(the standard is determined based on

the average rents in the city for a given year).

After loans for the investment are repaid,

rent can be allocated to achieving

the organization’s established goals.

Long-term affordability is ensured by

a deposit system.

Distribution of Investment Profits

Profits belong to the investors

(including the municipality if it is an investor),

who typically do not use investment loans,

meaning they generate revenue from the moment

the investment is completed.

Profits from the investment are allocated

to improving the neighbourhood.

Goals of accessibility

in the long-term perspective.

The goals depend on the investor’s desire

for profits, who may maintain low prices,

increase them, or sell the property.

An indirect goal is the replacement of residents in the

revitalized area (improvement of the social structure).

One of the main goals of the organization

is to accumulate capital to finance further

initiatives. This creates the opportunity

for networking and expanding the model.

Table 1. Model proposal of cooperative revitalization compared to the traditional model (elaborated by M. Dankowska, M. Mader)

Tabela 1. Proponowany model rewitalizacji kooperatywnej w zestawieniu z modelem tradycyjnym (oprac. M. Dankowska, M. Mader)

68 Maria Dankowska, Małgorzata Mader

implementation (this means promoting active participation

rather than mere information dissemination and consulta-

tion). Engagement can occur on multiple levels: through

co-decision-making, nancial participation, and involve-

ment in specic actions and tasks. Preventing land and

property speculation is also essential, which can be ad-

dressed by adopting models and tools previously tested in

the so-called old European Union countries.

The cooperative movement in Poland has the potential

to become an alternative method for implementing housing

investments, including in revitalized areas. While there are

already formal legal tools enabling its utilization, numerous

obstacles to the adoption of this model still exist. Systemic

solutions are needed to provide municipal support for in-

vestments, including the preparation of land oers for grass-

roots housing projects within revitalization programs (for

example, municipalities could contribute degraded plots

as their own input, oering them in restricted tenders to

collaborative housing groups or small housing associa-

tions). It is essential to develop comprehensive area-based

revitalization programs that encompass all properties, in-

cluding private ones, facilitating the renovation and adap-

tation of buildings using private or cooperative capital on

a non-prot basis. To implement these solutions, it is es-

sential to conduct training sessions for local government

ocials and overcome psychological barriers related to co-

operative investments. A cooperative embodies shared re-

sponsibility through collaboration and co-nancing. There-

fore, it presents a signicant opportunity and potential to

achieve high quality, durability, and, above all, the suitabil-

ity of applied solutions in revitalization eorts.

Translated by

Beata Guga

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Streszczenie

Kooperatywne inwestycje mieszkaniowe – w poszukiwaniu nowych metod i narzędzi w procesach rewitalizacji

Rewitalizacja to złożony proces ogólnomiejski mający na celu uwzględnienie i zaspokojenie lokalnych potrzeb, w tym poprawę warunków miesz-

kaniowych. Standardy i procedury zostały uregulowane w Polsce w 2015 r. ustawą o rewitalizacji, która kładzie nacisk na partycypację interesariuszy

w całym procesie, co wciąż wymaga rozwinięcia metod i narzędzi.

W artykule przedstawiono rozwiązania stosowane w Holandii, szczególnie sprawdzone metody kooperatywnego prowadzenia inwestycji. Imple-

mentowane w Europie modele kooperatywne są używane także do tworzenia, adaptacji i modernizacji zabudowy śródmiejskiej. Na przykładzie do-

świadczeń wynikających z analizy procesów rewitalizacji obszarowej w Łodzi w zestawieniu z modelami takimi jak np. CLT (Community Land Trust)

autorki podjęły próbę rekomendacji alternatywnych metod działania, które umożliwią szersze włączenie interesariuszy w partycypowanie w zacho-

dzących procesach inwestycyjnych. Kontrpropozycja ta zakłada stworzenie warunków realizacji inwestycji nansowanej wspólnie przez uczestników.

Przewiduje on współpracę samorządu lokalnego i przyszłych użytkowników. Autorki uważają, że analizowane modele, stosowane dotąd głównie w in-

westycjach mieszkaniowych, mogą być z powodzeniem wykorzystywane w większych obszarach miejskich. Adaptacja modelu CLT do warunków pol-

skich, ze względu na konieczność działania non prot, mogłaby być alternatywą dla budzącej obawy metody partnerstwa publiczno-prywatnego (PPP).

Słowa kluczowe: rewitalizacja, mieszkalnictwo, kooperacja, partycypacja