Methods for measuring and evaluating deformation in conservation work on wooden structures

Piotr Marciniak, Ireneusz Wyczałek, Zdzisław Pawlak

doi:10.37190/arc240403

Summary

The article presents methods for measuring and evaluating deformation in wooden structures during conservation work. The authors analyze various techniques and approaches used to assess structural changes and damage in historic wooden buildings. Special attention is paid to modern measurement methods and their application in conservation practice.

✨ Summary generated by Artificial Intelligence. The actual Abstract can be found in the article below.

2024

4(80)

Piotr Marciniak*, Ireneusz Wyczałek**, Zdzisław Pawlak***

Methods for measuring and evaluating deformation

in conservation work on wooden structures:

an interdisciplinary case study

of the parish church in Domachowo

DOI: 10.37190/arc240403

Published in open access. CC BY NC ND license

Abstract

Wooden architecture is not widely represented in the Polish material heritage of culture. An interesting preserved wooden building is the parish

church in Domachowo situated in the south part of the Greater Poland Voivodeship. As a result of numerous alterations and modernizations, it is

currently a composite structure showing obvious signs of damage to the original geometry. For this reason, a project was initiated to measure the

stability of a structure that has been exposed to extreme outdoor forces: mainly gusts of wind and uneven exposure to sunlight. The paper presents

the outcomes of an interdisciplinary study on the stability of the structure of the church. The project required the implementation of two measurement

methods: a static method at xed intervals and a dynamic one with continuously recorded readings during the operation of variable loads.

The paper also describes the methodology of the implemented static-dynamic measurements and interprets the outcomes with a focus on the

precision and stability of long-term readings of inertia sensors, and on the basic evaluation of the structure. The text also looks at the problem of

organizing diagnostic procedures in the process of preparing work on a historic building.

The outcomes conrm that the combination of the two methods and the unconventional use of precision inclinometers for measuring wooden

constructions opens new possibilities for the analysis of the structural deformation in wooden buildings in real-time and, for continuous monitoring

of their technical condition. The dynamic-static method can also be used for analyzing structural displacements not only in wooden churches, but also

in other historic buildings that are exposed to dynamic deformation. The research project and its outcomes have inspired wider reection of the role

of experimental research in diagnosing historic buildings.

Key words: displacement, heritage protection, wooden church, monitoring conditions of structures

Introduction

Polish sacral wooden architecture from the Middle Ages

to the late 14

century is a considerably uncharted research

area comprising a whole range of problems. These are re-

lated to the identication of carpentry techniques, structur-

al systems, and architectural solutions, as well as details,

decorations, and interior furnishings (Kornecki 1992, 8).

In Poland, relatively few wooden historic buildings have

survived. The Church of St. Michael the Archangel in

Domachowo in the south of the Greater Poland Voivode-

ship, is an interesting example of a wooden church with

a double-wall structure (Fig. 1). It is an oriented church

of a complex architectural and structural form. Its central

part is a single nave with a narrow, elongated chancel ter-

minating in three sides to the east. The nave consists of

two sections, both on a near square plan, with the west part

slightly narrower than the east one. Adjoining the chancel

to the north, is a sacristy set on a rectangular plan, as well

as a rectangular chapel terminating in three sides to the

south. A rectangular aisle terminating in a vestibule adjoins

the south side of the nave. The entire building on its west

* ORCID: 0000-0002-4404-1184. Institute of Architecture and He-

ritage Protection, Poznan University of Technology, Poland, e-mail: piotr.

marciniak@put.poznan.pl

** ORCID: 0000-0003-3963-8186. Faculty of Civil and Environ-

mental Engineering and Architecture, Bydgoszcz University of Science and

Technology, Poland.

*** ORCID: 0000-0003-2851-3433. Institute of Structural Analysis,

Poznan University of Technology, Poland.

22 Piotr Marciniak, Ireneusz Wyczałek, Zdzisław Pawlak

quoins by half laps with mortice and tenon, which made

it impossible to replace entire single logs. Additional ran-

dom dendrochronological examination also showed that

some of the logs in the chancel and roof framework dated

from the 1360s (1368/1369), and some from the early 16

century (1502/1503) (Krąpiec 2020). None of these dates

coincided with the dating proposed in the reference litera-

ture concerning the building to date (Różański et al. 2020).

Later conservation and construction work commencing in

the 1930s, designed by Lucjan Michałowski, contributed

to the church’s nal architectural form (Tej szerska 2023).

Currently the main load-bearing system is a wooden frame-

work connected to oak log walls, which are preserved in the

oldest part of the building, namely in the chancel and the

nave (Fig. 3). All these considerations show that the church

in Domachowo is a valuable example of historic wooden

architecture in Poland and requires in-depth observation.

The results of geodetic measurements suggest a signi-

cant tilting of the structure of the church and its elements,

both in the chancel and in the nave. The inclines are of

dierent values, depending on direction. It can be assumed

that the entire structure of the chancel tilts evenly towards

the west by about 16 to 21 cm, and in the transverse direc-

tion the pillars of the north and south walls tilt towards the

interior of the building. According to information from the

1920s concerning the condition of the structure, the build-

ing was already leaning to the west at the time. This is con-

rmed by, for example, windows that were installed under

a dierent angle in relation to the pillars of the load-bear-

ing structure. Moreover, the bases of the wooden columns

were undercut with brick llings (Różański et al. 2020).

Conservation work launched in 2019 revealed a number of

weakened points in the structure (mainly those mentioned

above), as well as joints at the junction of the chancel and

the nave carpentry, notches and nests left by removed ele-

ments, and a number of undercuts or cutouts. Observations

also indicated that the structure was exposed to external

factors, in particular strong wind (Fig. 4).

side is complemented by a square tower with a porch on

the ground oor, as well as two annexes on both sides

(Różański et al. 2020, 177, 178).

During a conservation project between 2019 and 2020,

the church’s inner frame was uncovered to reveal the exis-

tence of paintings on the log structure (Fig. 2). The form

and style of the paintings cast doubt on the previous dating

of the church. The uncovered paintings, which also fea-

tured descriptions of the particular representations, were

made on the log section with timber framing. In the begin-

ning, the authors assumed that the additional framing was

built simultaneously with the formwork during renovation

in 1775 (Jankowski 2009, 193). The discovery led to an

initial examination of both the structural systems. Among

other things, it showed that the logs were connected at the

Fig. 1. Church of St Michael the Archangel in Domachowo

(photo by S. Milejski, source: SM Domachowo…)

Il. 1. Budynek kościoła św. Michała Archanioła w Domachowie

(fot. S. Milejski, źródło: SM Domachowo…)

Fig. 2. Uncovered interior of the church with visible paintings on the wooden structure showing clear figural and ornamental themes:

a) view of the nave towards the chancel (photo by P. Marciniak),

b) figure detail of the paintings in the chancel (source: http://parafia-domachowo.pl/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/SAM_6014.jpg)

Il. 2. Odsłonięte wnętrze kościoła z widocznymi polichromiami na konstrukcji drewnianej, o czytelnych motywach figuralno-ornamentalnych:

a) widok z nawy w kierunku prezbiterium (fot. P. Marciniak),

b) fragment polichromii w prezbiterium (źródło: http://parafia-domachowo.pl/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/SAM_6014.jpg)

a b

Methods for measuring and evaluating deformation in conservation work on wooden structures 23

The main goal of the research project, inspired by the

permanent deformation of the structure system, was to

conduct measurements and analyze the deformation, in ad-

dition to diagnosing the actual condition of the building.

Furthermore, the authors planned to analyze the structure

based on a mathematical model, which made it possible to

identify the weakest structural elements and, subsequently,

to validate the numerical model used to conduct a compar-

ative analysis, and to compare the geodetic measurements

with a dynamic-static analysis of the structure (Pawlak

et al. 2024).

The next objective of the project was to develop a method

for diagnosing historic buildings of complex structure and

problematic technical condition. An important element of

the project was to determine the position of experimental

architectural studies in a complex, interdisciplinary process

related to the conservation and restoration of historic build-

ings. This may be of key importance for the proper orga-

nization of work, their sequence and ultimate schedule.

Current state of research

The research conducted in Domachowo falls within the

broad range of research on the behavior of complex sys-

tems. Its origins are related to identifying damage in wide-

ly understood infrastructures: in aviation systems, and civil

and mechanical engineering. The system is called Structur-

al Health Monitoring (SHM) and is based on identifying

and detecting damage and changes in materials or entire

complex systems. The vast majority of recent SHM proj-

ects have aimed to identify damage in a broad scope of en-

gineering structures (Farrar, Worden 2007). SHM is an au-

tomated process that combines precise data from networks

of sensors with engineering information. The method is

also important in preventive conservation and proper res-

toration of historic buildings. A signicant feature of such

systems is that they provide continuous monitoring of the

observed structures with minimum interference into their

authentic historic fabric (Clementi et al. 2021).

Current trends in the application of SHM in historic

buildings include continuous unattended observation com -

bined with modal analysis procedures using digital mod-

els. In recent years, there has been a large number of proj-

ects implementing the abovementioned methods to assess

the behavior of historic constructions (Gopinath, Rama-

doss 2021). In practice, SHM has been used for long-term

assessments of wall structure behavior (Dal Cin, Russo

2019), for assessments of the general conservation of

buildings (Kilic 2015), and for monitoring their condi-

tion (Lima et al. 2008). This has also included collecting

data for comprehensive evaluations of the behavior of

buildings, including monitoring their dynamic behavior

Fig. 4. Church of St. Michael

the Archangel:

a) diagram of existing

inclinations (elaborated by

P. Marciniak,

b) digital model (elaborated by

Z. Pawlak)

Il. 4. Kościół św. Michała

Archanioła w Domachowie:

a) odchylenia rzeczywiste

– schemat (oprac. P. Marciniak)

b) model cyfrowy

(oprac. Z. Pawlak)

Fig. 3. Ground plan

of the Church of St. Michael

the Archangel in Domachowo

(drawing by J. Jura, A. Rosa)

Il. 3. Rzut przyziemia kościoła

św. Michała Archanioła

w Domachowie

(rys. J. Jura, A. Rosa)

a b

24 Piotr Marciniak, Ireneusz Wyczałek, Zdzisław Pawlak

( Boscato et al. 2016; Anastasi, Lo Re and Ortolani 2009;

Ye, Su and Han 2014; Lorenzoni et al. 2016). The vast ma-

jority of such measurements use integrated sensor systems

that enable a comprehensive assessment of the observed

parameters (Noel, Badway 2017).

During the structural assessment of the church in Doma-

chowo, the authors decided to combine various methods.

Usually, to assess the stability of buildings geodetic meth-

ods are applied, including precision tachymetry (Barsoc-

chi et al. 2021). Such methods enable precise observations

of displacements not only in engineering structures, but

also in historic buildings (Gil et al. 2021; Petrovič et al.

2021). In order to increase the precision and frequency of

measurements, the authors used hybrid solutions that com-

bined tachymetry with a system of remote sensors installed

on the building and in its vicinity.

Description

of the research project

To fully diagnose the physical behavior of and to moni-

tor the building, the authors used a combined measurement

method featuring both static and dynamic measurements

(tachymetry and inclinometers, respectively). Long-term

studies were made monthly comprising three constituents

related to two reference points that were considered stable.

This was conducted using the tachymetric method. Short-

term measurements used one of the typical monitoring

techniques based on inertial tilt sensors (inclinometers).

The authors called this combination the “Dynamic-Static

Method” (DSM), which can be useful for analyses of both

structural displacements of buildings, including wooden

churches, and of other structures that are susceptible to

dynamic deformation (Marciniak, Pawlak and Wyczałek

2023; Pawlak, Wyczałek and Marciniak 2023)

The authors used a measurement grid containing six xed

measurement points and four bi-axial inclinometers. To

con trol the accurateness of the static tachymetric measure-

ments, they set an additional point, and to control the read-

ings of the inclinometers, they installed two additional sen-

sors. To assess both the dynamics and statics of the building

at the examined points, they designed a diagram of com-

plementary measurements using tilt sensors and a weather

station. The thus collected data made it possible to evaluate

the correlation of the tilt readings with the indications of

wind gusts and the temperature on both sides of the church.

The static measurements were made using the tachy-

metric method with a 1-sceond Leica TCRP 1201+ and

reective foil targets. Based on the results of 15 double

series of measurements, discrepancies between the series

in the range of –1 mm to +1 mm were revealed, albeit the

most common values were in the range of ±0.2 mm. This

analysis illustrates the technical and accuracy capabil-

ities of the tachymetric method in evaluating the stabili-

ty of a structure exposed to periodic dynamic pressures.

A detailed description of the research and its outcomes were pre-

sented at conferences and in publications which provided the basis for

the present text (Marciniak, Pawlak and Wyczałek 2023; Pawlak, Wy-

czałek and Marciniak 2023; Wyczałek 2022).

The obtained accuracy parameters are consistent with the

results of similar measurements and guarantee accurate

spatial resolution of the stability assessment of the studied

structure. The actual results prove that specic features of

wooden structures, even very old ones, do not undergo per-

manent deformation despite intensive pressures.

Dynamic monitoring requires continuous or quasi con -

tinuous monitoring of vibrations and inclinations or chang-

es in other physical parameters. Earlier studies successfully

used POSITAL FRABA ASG15 inclinometers with wire

data transmission in the CANOPEN standard. In the dis-

cussed case, two such inclinometers were applied to ver-

ify

the readings of a new set of wireless BWSENSING

WF-WM400 inclinometers made using MEMS technolo-

gy. Such sensors can be powered by solar energy or DC

chargers. They can measure inclinations in very high fre-

quency (up to 50 Hz) and then transmit the signals remote-

ly via a Wi-Fi network.

In the basic version, four inclinometers powered from

the power grid were installed on the site. The readings were

collected synchronously every 2 seconds via a local Wi-Fi

server, saved to disc and then remotely downloaded via the

Internet. After an initial test, the authors set the frequency

of recording the readings at every 10 seconds. Based on the

analysis of the observations, the authors concluded that the

records of inclinations in one point changed up to ±15 mm

during intense winds in October 2021, taking into account

the adjustments resulting from the absence of plastic trans-

formations within the investigated structure (Fig. 5).

In order to compare the results of the inclination mea-

surements with the weather conditions, the latter were re-

corded. To do so, a SENCOR 12500 Wi-Fi weather station

was set up near the buildings. This comprised a base with

a thermometer (inside the building) and a set of sensors:

two thermometers, a barometer, an anemometer, and a rain-

fall meter. With access to the Weathercloud website, it was

possible to remotely view the measurements of the station

in a 10-minute cycle. The measured data was also collected

within the same cycle. It was then remotely downloaded to

a *.csv le and subsequently processed and analyzed using

the authors’ own methods and software. Afterwards, this

data was compared to the inclinometer readings.

An important issue was to synchronize the data. Due

to the available frequency of the data collected from the

weather station, the authors assumed that all the readings

would be processed into 10-minute cycles for further anal-

ysis. For the purpose of a joint examination of the results,

the authors decided that the results of a single tachymet-

ric reading would be grouped into one-month blocks that

would include readings of the weather conditions, readings

from the four WF/WM400 inclinometers and a maximum

of two readings from the WGS15 control inclinometer for

both axes.

The church in Domachowo was monitored for 24 months

simultaneously with the wide-ranging conservation work

inside the building. Some of the measurements were taken

during a very quiet time in spring and summer, whereas

some in winter when relatively strong gusts of wind had

a signicant impact on the characteristics of the readings.

During the latter period, the authors obtained an interesting

Methods for measuring and evaluating deformation in conservation work on wooden structures 25

set of data which provided a point of departure for further

assessment of the building’s condition and the necessity to

provide protection measures, as required. This disrupted

the order of works, for which the monitoring of the struc-

ture was of key signicance. Figure 6 shows changes in

the displacements across and along the building (axis Y and

axis X, respectively) determined from readings of incli-

nometers situated in the higher part of a pillar in the corner

of the nave, at its junction with the chancel (Fig. 5, point 6).

Earlier experience in combining tachymeters with incli-

nation sensors provided a solid basis for using this type of

solution to measure displacements of the discussed build-

ing. The authors thus obtained an image of its response

to signicant wind pressure and heating from sunlight.

Electronic tachymetry was used for static measurements,

whereas using remote inclinometers provided an image

of the building’s sensitivity in various places to pressures

caused by the weather, in particular by gusts of wind.

With regard to the research on the church in Doma-

chowo, the authors reached the following conclusions:

– due to the considerable pressure of gusts of wind, in

some places the uneven vibrations in the structure of the

building reached ±20 mm; this made it possible to identify

the most sensitive places for the numerical analysis and to

take potential protective measures,

– there were no inclinations caused by changes in heat-

ing from sunlight,

– the results refer to a specic building, however every-

thing points to the conclusion that the methods could, or

even should, be implemented in other historic buildings or

wooden constructions,

– thanks to the implementation of remote data trans-

mission, proven in other monitoring applications, such

research can be supervised on a remote basis, whilst the

participation of a surveyor can be limited to several tachy-

metric measurements.

The monitoring of historic buildings that are susceptib-

le to dynamic deformation is of particular importance. The

aforementioned DSM can be useful for analyzing struc-

tural deformations not only in wooden churches, but also

in other historic buildings that are exposed to this type

of deformation during, for example, vibrations or minor

earthquakes. DSM can also be used in particular applica-

tions of the Internet of Things and in transmitting data in

real-time (Fig. 7).

Based on the results, it is possible to conclude that

wooden constructions, even very old ones, are not sus-

ceptible to permanent deformation, despite intensive pres-

sures. However, it is particularly important to monitor his-

toric buildings that are exposed to dynamic deformations.

The numerical model of the structure conrmed the

measurement results, in addition to identifying a consid-

erable inclination within the structure of the church and its

elements. The authors also conducted comparative analy-

ses to investigate the impact of stiening plates, namely

oors, ceilings and wall cladding on the structure’s static

and dynamic response. The analyses showed that the struc-

ture of the building had insucient lateral rigidity. The

weakest element was the lateral system at the junction of

the nave and the chancel (Fig. 8).

The junction was the point where the greatest lateral

displacement occurred during windy weather, in both the

numerical model and in the actual building. Especially

weakened was the wall on the right side, where the rood

beam connecting the opposite walls was broken. The au-

thors also analyzed the impact of impairments in the struc-

tural elements, as well as the impact of the specic inter-

connections of post branches, on the behavior of the entire

system. In addition, they conducted a dynamic analysis of

the structure during both high and extreme climatic pres-

sure (including strong gusts of wind). The objective of the

dynamic analysis was to validate the calculation model and

to determine if strong gusts of wind caused excess vibra-

tion in the building’s specic elements. In a modal analysis

of part of the structure the authors compared its dynamic

parameters with and without the impairments in the nodes,

Fig. 6. Section of inclinometer readings

with displacements of the wooden structure (18–24.10.2021)

(elaborated by I. Wyczałek)

Il. 6. Wycinek odczytów z inklinometrów

z widocznymi odchyleniami drewnianej konstrukcji (18–24.10.2021)

(oprac. I. Wyczałek)

Fig. 5. Measurement diagram

using a tachymeter

and inclinometers

(elaborated by I. Wyczałek)

Il. 5. Schemat pomiarowy wraz

z wykorzystanym tachimetrem

oraz inklinometrami

(oprac. I. Wyczałek)

26 Piotr Marciniak, Ireneusz Wyczałek, Zdzisław Pawlak

in order to determine the degree of connection between the

examined elements. This, however, is the subject of a sepa-

rate publication (Pawlak et al. 2024).

Prospects and discussion

The unusual application of wireless inclinometers pro-

vided an image of the building’s susceptibility to consid-

erable force caused by weather conditions, mainly gusts of

wind. The Dynamic-Static Method (DSM) can be useful

not only for analyses of structural displacements in wood-

en churches, but also of other historic buildings that are

sensitive to dynamic deformation (Marciniak, Pawlak and

Wyczałek 2023). Using sensors that work in dispersed

networks will make it possible to monitor the most valu-

able historic buildings threatened by external factors (e.g.,

weather, natural disasters, military conicts, etc.). The de-

veloped measurement method of static and oscillating dis-

placements of wooden structures can also be used in stud-

ies of many other types of buildings exposed to variable

loads, including climatic and seismic pressures. Constant

monitoring makes it possible to identify dangerous condi-

tions or emergencies. As already noted, the method can be

used in the practical application of the Internet of Things

(IoT) and in real-time data transmission.

The research project and its outcomes have inspired

further reections on the role of experimental research in

diagnosing historic buildings. The complex process of or-

ganizing conservation and restoration work, as well as the

entire funding process, requires improvement in terms of

both methods and planning. The scope of required docu-

mentation has already been developed by the conservation

environment over many years of practical research and ac-

ademic analyses (Tajchman 1995; Brykowska 2007).

Fig. 8. View of transverse wall at the junction of the nave and the chancel:

a) numeric model o the structure – diagram (elaborated by Z. Pawlak),

b) view towards the interior of the chancel (photo by Z. Pawlak)

Il. 8. Ściana poprzeczna na styku nawy głównej z prezbiterium:

a) numeryczny model konstrukcji – schemat (oprac. Z. Pawlak),

b) widok do wnętrza prezbiterium (fot. Z. Pawlak)

a b

Fig. 7. Recording weather conditions and synchronization of data: parameters of weather station readings on 21 October 2021:

a) pressure, b) air temperature and c) gusts of wind (elaborated by I. Wyczałek)

Il. 7. Rejestracja warunków pogodowych i synchronizacja danych – parametry z odczytów stacji pogodowej wykonanych 21.10.2021 r.:

a) ciśnienie, b) temperatura powietrza, c) porywy wiatru (oprac. I. Wyczałek)

a b c

Methods for measuring and evaluating deformation in conservation work on wooden structures 27

Observations of many years ago concerning the coher-

ence and logical organization of the working process on

historic buildings have lost none of their relevance: The

conservation of a complex or single monument of historic

architecture […] is and should always be a uniform pro-

cess, constituting a whole: from the moment of diagno-

sis, through research, design and implementation, to the

post-implementation documents

(Tajchman 1985, 157). In-

deed, it is crucial to ensure a cohesive and logical conser-

vation process, which arises from […] the need to subject

all the activities to the historic building, and thus to the

main protection objective, which is the survival of earlier

architectural work and to pass it on in its proper form to

the next generations (Tajchman 1985, 157).

The goals of managing a survey process of historic

buildings are and will continue to vary, both from the point

of view of identication (research) practice and imple-

mentation (business) practice. There is no precisely de-

ned methodology of dealing with historic buildings, nor

is there a standard for historic and conservation research.

Such research should become the foundation of all studies

and analyses of cultural property (Kwaśniewski 2019). For

many years, researchers have advocated the development

of cohesive standards for planning work on architectural

heritage. Such voices result from the recommendations

of major conservation documents and doctrine (Tajchman

2008).

The role of experimental research should be clearly spe -

cied. Apart from recognizing the obvious value of diag nos-

tic procedures, they should also be properly programmed

and set in a logical sequence. Based on earlier method-

ological recommendations (Tajchman 2008), it is possible

to propose the organization of pre-project activities for his-

toric buildings as in the table below (Table 1).

Naturally, the dynamics of changes arising from emerg-

ing discoveries may, to an extent, disrupt the process. Still,

proper programming is key to achieving a nal, positive

outcome. In the case of historic buildings, it is crucial to

plan pre-project work in order to ultimately design an op-

timal project in all its phases. Also important is the proper

Table 1. Pre-project work (elaborated by P. Marciniak)

Tabela 1. Prace przedprojektowe (oprac. P. Marciniak)

Scope of competence Scope of activities Formal requirements

Investor, architect/conservator Initial identification of the building in situ – on-site inspections –

Architect Thorough measurement and drawing inventory, including details –

Geologist Geological ground survey (geotechnical opinion, as needed)

Regional conservator’s

approval

Archaeologist

Archaeological survey (as needed), including:

– identification, documentation and securing of the archaeological site;

– geological supervision during work

Regional conservator’s

approval

Architect

Comprehensive historic and architectural study with conclusions

(as needed), including:

– historic study (mandatory);

– analysis of building techniques, including chronological stratification

and valuation;

– diagnostic study of architectural elements;

identification of factors influencing technical conditions

(humidity, temperature, salinity, biological hazards, other);

conclusions and recommendations

Regional conservator’s

approval

(connected with

architectural research)

Structural engineer

– Evaluation of technical condition of the building

(expert’s opinion regarding structure) with conclusions (as needed),

including:

– diagnostic study of structural elements;

– laboratory testing of strength of construction elements;

– other testing in connection with architectural inspection

Regional conservator’s

approval

(connected to

architectural research)

Art conservator

art historian

– Comprehensive conservation analysis of preservation of the historic

material of the building with elements of interior furnishings, including:

– identification of structure and technological properties

(laboratory testing);

– detailed conclusions and conservation recommendations

for the entire building and its spatial arrangement

Regional conservator’s

approval

Architect/conservator

structural engineer

art conservator

archaeologist

art historian

Detailed conclusions and conservation recommendations

(interdisciplinary study)

As arranged

with regional conservator

Art conservator

Conservation work program taking into account previous diagnosis

of technical condition and preservation of the historic building

–

28 Piotr Marciniak, Ireneusz Wyczałek, Zdzisław Pawlak

organization of the funding process, which has a funda-

mental impact on costs and eectiveness. In the entire pro-

cess, the primary role belongs to the architect/conservator,

who should coordinate all the pre-project work and orga-

nize the work of the whole interdisciplinary team of ex-

perts. As shown in Table 1 above, some scopes of activities

may overlap and this requires strict cooperation, in par-

ticular in the architect–conservator–structural engineer–art

conservator team.

Conclusion

Contemporary conservation research on historic build-

ings, especially in the context of unusual situations, mixed-

structure systems exposed to deformation, etc., requires an

unconventional methodological approach that enables the

use of experimental investigation methods. Developing

a methodology of diagnostic procedures for structurally

complex wooden historic buildings in a problematic techni-

cal state creates opportunities for fuller control of their phys-

ical condition. Combining real-time measurements with nu-

merical analysis makes it possible to conduct appropriate

conservation and restoration work (securing and strength-

ening, respectively), whilst preserving the most important

architectural and aesthetical value of such buildings.

In the Polish legal system, there is a considerable short-

age of standards for dealing with historic buildings during

the preparation phase of projects, as well as during the de-

velopment of relevant documentation. In this situation, it is

also important to create a needs scenario to enable the use

of experimental methods. Such methods may play a signif-

icant role in conservation practice providing full control of

the preservation status of buildings.

Departing from established methodological models and

designing surveys tailored to current conservation needs

requires adapting methods to changing conditions. It also

necessitates the cooperation of interdisciplinary teams led

by suitably trained architects/conservators. Today, this is

a signicant shortcoming of the heritage protection system,

which needs to be remedied. In some situations, extended di-

agnostic surveys should also become a mandatory practice.

Translated by

Marta Walkowiak

Acknowledgements

This research was funded by His Excellency Rector of the Poznań Uni-

versity of Technology, grant number: 0112/SIGR/0193. This support is

gratefully acknowledged.

References

Anastasi, Giuseppe, Giuseppe Lo Re, and Marco Ortolani. “WSNs for

Structural Health Monitoring of Historical Buildings.” In 2

Con-

ference on Human System Interactions. IEEE, (May 2009): 574–9.

Boscato, Giosuè, Alessandra Dal Cin, Silvia Ientile, and Salvatore Rus-

so. “Optimized procedures and strategies for the dynamic moni-

toring of historical structures.” Journal of Civil Structural Health

Monitoring 6 (March 2016): 265–89. https://doi.org/10.1007/

s13349-016-0164-9.

Barsocchi, Paolo, Gianni Bartoli, Michele Betti, Maria Girardi, Stefano

Mammolito, Daniele Pellegrini, and Giacomo Zini. “Wireless sen-

sor networks for continuous structural health monitoring of historic

masonry towers.” International Journal of Architectural Heritage

15, no. 1 (2021): 22–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2020.1

719229.

Brykowska, Maria. “Dokumentacja naukowa niezbędna dla ochrony

i kon serwacji zabytków architektury.” Roczniki Geomatyki 5, no. 8

(2007): 115–28.

Clementi, Francesco, Antonio Formisano, Gabriele Milani, and Filippo

Uber tini. “Structural health monitoring of architectural heritage:

From the past to the future advances.” International Journal of Ar-

chitectural Heritage 15, no. 1 (2021): 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1080/

15583058.2021.1879499.

Dal Cin, Alessandra, and Salvatore Russo. “Evaluation of static and

dynamic long term structural monitoring for monumental masonry

structure.” Journal of Civil Structural Health Monitoring 9 (2019):

169–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13349-019-00324-z.

Farrar, Charles R., and Keith Worden. “An introduction to structural

health monitoring.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Soci-

ety A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, no. 365

(2007): 303–15. http://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2006.1928.

Gil, Enrique, Ángeles Mas, Carlos Lerma, M Eugenia Torner, and Jose

Vercher. “Non-destructive techniques methodologies for the detec-

tion of ancient structures under heritage buildings.” Internation-

al Journal of Architectural Heritage 15, no. 10 (2021): 1457–73.

https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2019.1700320.

Gopinath, Vinoth Kanna, and Ragi Ramadoss. “Review on structur-

al health monitoring for restoration of heritage buildings.” Mate-

rials Today: Proceed ings 43, p. 2 (2021): 1534–38. https://doi.

org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.09.318.

Jankowski, Aleksander. Kościoły drewniane o zdwojonej konstrukcji

ścian w Wielkopolsce. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Kazimierza Wiel -

kiego, 2009.

Kilic, Gokhan. “Using advanced NDT for historic buildings: Towards

an integrated multidisciplinary health assessment strategy.” Jour-

nal of Cultural Heritage 16, no. 4 (2015): 526–35. https://doi.

org/10.1016/j.culher.2014.09.010.

Kornecki, Marian. ”Drewniana architektura sakralna w Polsce: zagad-

nienie typów i form regionalnych w rozwoju historycznym.” Ochro-

na Zabytków 45, no. 1–2(176–177) (1992): 7–39.

Krąpiec, Marek. Wyniki analizy dendrochronologicznej prób drewna

z kościoła pw. Michała Archanioła w Domachowie. Kraków, 2020

[Manuscript in: Paraa pw. św. Michała Archanioła w Domachowie].

Kwaśniewski, Artur. “Why research – how to research. Comments

on the methodology of contemporary historical and architectural

studies and on their application in the adaptation of historic build-

ings.” Architectus 57, no. 1 (2019): 3–20. https://doi.org/10.37190/

arc230110.

Lima, Hugo F., Romeu da Silva Vicente, Rogrio N. Nogueira, Ilda Abe,

Paulo Sérgio de Brito André, Catarina Fernandes, et al. “Structural

health Monitoring of the church of santa casa da Misericórdia of

Aveiro using FBG sensors.” IEEE Sensors Journal 8, no. 7 (2008):

1236–42. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2008.926177.

Lorenzoni, Filippo, Filippo Casarin, Mauro Caldon, Kleidi Islami, and

Claudio Modena. “Uncertainty quantication in structural health

Methods for measuring and evaluating deformation in conservation work on wooden structures 29

monitoring: Applications on cultural heritage buildings.” Mechan-

ical Systems and Signal Processing 66–67 (2016): 268–81. https://

doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2015.04.032.

Marciniak, Piotr, Zdzisław Pawlak, and Ireneusz Wyczałek. “The Dy-

namic-Static Method (DSM) for Structural Displacement Analy-

sis Using the Example of a Wooden Church in Domachowo (Po-

land).” The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote

Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, vol. XLVIII-M-2-2023

(2023): 1001–6. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-

M -2-2023-1001-2023.

Noel, Adam, Abderrazak Abdaoui, Tarek M. Elfouly, Mohamed Hossam

Ahmed, Ahmed A Badawy, and Mohamed S. Shehata. “Structural

Health Monitoring Using Wireless Sensor Networks: A Comprehen-

sive Survey.” IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 19 (2017):

1403–23. https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2017.2691551

Pawlak, Zdzisław M., Ireneusz Wyczałek, and Piotr Marciniak. “Two

Complementary Approaches toward Geodetic Monitoring of a His-

toric Wooden Church to Inspect Its Static and Dynamic Behavior”,

Sensors 23, 8392 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/s23208392.

Pawlak, Zdzisław M., Piotr Marciniak, Ireneusz Wyczałek, and Martyna

Żak-Sawiak. “Extended Monitoring as Support in Numerical Mod-

elling of Complex Historical Timber Structure with Respect to its

Weaknesses and Imperfections.” International Journal of Conser-

vation Science 15, no. 3 (2024): 1259–86. https://doi.org/10.36868/

ijcs.2024.03.08.

Petrovič, Dušan, Dejan Grigillo, Mojca Kosmatin Fras, Tilen Urbančič,

and Kozmus Trajkovski. “Geodetic Methods for Documenting and

Modelling Cultural Heritage Objects.” International Journal of Ar-

chitectural Heritage 15, no. 6 (2021): 885–96. https://doi.org/10.10

80/15583058.2019.1683779.

Różański, Artur, Tomasz Jurek, Piotr Marciniak, Patrycja Łobodzińska,

and Urlich Schaaf. “Interdisciplinary Research on Wooden Archi-

tecture in Poland. A Case Study of the Wooden Church in Doma-

chowo.” Archaeologia Historica Polona 28 (2020): 175–97. https://

doi.org/10.12775/AHP.2020.007.

SM Domachowo Kościół św. Michała Archanioła 2017 (8). ID 650491.

jpg. Accessed December 15, 2024, at https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Micha%C5%82a_

Archanio%C5%82a_w_Domachowie#/media/Plik:SM_Doma-

chowo_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw_Mi-

cha%C5%82a_Archanio%C5%82a_2017_(8)_ID_650491.jpg.

Szymanowski, Przemysław. Ekspertyza techniczna – I etap dotycząca

stanu technicznego konstrukcji kościoła pw. św. Michała Archanioła

w Domachowie. Kościan, 2020 [Manuscript in: Paraa pw. św. Mi-

chała Archanioła w Domachowie].

Tajchman, Jan. “Badania i prace projektowe w zabytkach architektury

w świetle ogólnej problematyki ochrony i konserwacji zabytków.”

Ochrona Zabytków 38, no. 3–4(150–151) (1985): 157–63.

Tajchman, Jan. “Konserwacja zabytków architektury – uwagi o meto-

dzie.” Ochrona Zabytków 48, no. 2(189) (1995): 150–9.

Tajchman, Jan. “W sprawie konieczności ustanowienia standardów wy-

konywania projektów dotyczących prac planowanych w zabytkach

architektury.” Wiadomości Konserwatorskie, no. 24 (2008): 17–45.

Tejszerska, Anna. “Przebudowa kościoła w Domachowie według projek-

tu Lucjana Michałowskiego jako przykład działań konserwatorskich

z okresu międzywojennego.” Wiadomości Konserwatorskie, no. 74

(2023): 36–50.

Wyczałek, Ireneusz. “Volunteering for the future – Geospatial excellence

for a better living.” In FIG Congress 2022. Warsaw, 11–15 Septem-

ber 2022.

Ye, Xiao-Wei, You-Hua Su, and Jin-Ping Han. “Structural health moni-

toring of civil infrastructure using optical ber sensing technology:

A comprehensive review.” The Scientic World Journal, 652329

(2014). https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/652329.

Streszczenie

Metody pomiaru i oceny deformacji konstrukcji drewnianych w praktyce konserwatorskiej.

Interdyscyplinarne studium przypadku kościoła w Domachowie

Architektura drewniana nie jest szeroko reprezentowana w materialnym dziedzictwie kulturowym Polski. Jednym z interesujących zachowanych

obiektów jest kościół paraalny w Domachowie położonym w południowej Wielkopolsce. W wyniku licznych przeróbek i modernizacji jest to obecnie

konstrukcja złożona, wykazująca wyraźne oznaki uszkodzenia pierwotnej geometrii. Z tego powodu rozpoczęto projekt mający na celu pomiary sta-

bilności konstrukcji narażonej na wpływ ekstremalnych czynników zewnętrznych: głównie podmuchów wiatru i nierównomiernego nasłonecznienia.

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki interdyscyplinarnych badań stateczności konstrukcji tego kościoła. Realizacja projektu wymagała zastosowania

dwóch metod pomiarowych: statycznej w ustalonych odstępach czasu oraz dynamicznej rejestrowanej na bieżąco podczas pracy zmiennych obciążeń.

Zaprezentowano również metodyki prowadzonych pomiarów statyczno-dynamicznych i zinterpretowano uzyskane wyniki, głównie w kontekście

oceny dokładności, stabilności odczytów wieloletnich czujnikami inercyjnymi oraz podstawowej oceny konstrukcji. W tekście podjęto także problem

organizacji badań diagnostycznych w procesie prac przygotowawczych dla zabytku.

Uzyskane wyniki stanowią dowód, że połączenie obu metod oraz niekonwencjonalne zastosowanie precyzyjnych inklinometrów do pomiarów kon-

strukcji drewnianych otwiera nowe możliwości analizy odkształceń konstrukcji w czasie rzeczywistym i bieżącego monitorowania stanu technicznego.

Metoda dynamiczno-statyczna może być przydatna do analizy przemieszczeń konstrukcji nie tylko w kościołach drewnianych, ale także w innych

obiektach zabytkowych podatnych na odkształcenia dynamiczne. Przeprowadzone badania i uzyskane wyniki stały się również przyczynkiem do

szerszej reeksji dotyczącej ich roli i miejsca badań eksperymentalnych w rozpoznaniu zabytku.

Słowa kluczowe: przemieszczenia, ochrona zabytków, kościół drewniany, monitorowanie stanu konstrukcji