Written in architecture… St. James’ Church in Toruń – the Gothic pearl of Pomerania discovered by archaeologists

Krystyna Sulkowska-Tuszyńska

doi:10.37190/arc250301

Abstract

This article examines St. James’ Church in Toruń, which underwent archaeological research between 2008 and 2020. The author’s goal was to present the most important findings and conclusions drawn from them.

During excavation works, numerous traces of architectural alterations and elements of sacred furnishings were discovered. Through examination of foundations and stratification, as well as OSL dating of bricks, it was proven that construction of the parish church in Nowe Miasto Toruń began shortly after the city’s foundation in 1264. This structure was destroyed in the 13th century.

Analysis revealed that the year 1309, previously considered the beginning of the parish church’s construction, actually refers to the construction of the new second chancel. The basilica structure of Nowe Miasto Toruń’s parish church, from laying foundations to roofing the nave, was built in stages from approximately the 3rd quarter of the 13th century to 1368. During the 15th century, chapels were built on arcaded foundations. After 1667, the old monastery was connected to the chancel by a corridor, and the claustrum was expanded.

From the 13th century, baptisms were performed at a stone baptismal font. In the 15th-16th centuries, the interior was decorated with a floor featuring fleur-de-lis motifs; a tombstone lay in St. Valentine’s Chapel, and a stone washbasin was used for ablutions in the sacristy.

The article highlights the important role of archaeology in understanding architectural history and the beginnings of Nowe Miasto Toruń, thanks to interdisciplinary research on the Toruń church, recognized as a pearl of Pomeranian Gothic architecture.

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3(83)

Krystyna Sulkowska-Tuszyńska*

Written in architecture… St. James’ Church in Toruń

– the Gothic pearl of Pomerania discovered by archaeologists

DOI: 10.37190/arc250301

Published in open access. CC BY NC ND license

Abstract

The article is about the Church of St. James in Toruń, which underwent archaeological research between 2008 and 2020. The author’s goal was

to present the most important ndings and the conclusions drawn upon them.

During excavations, numerous traces of architectural alterations and pieces of sacrum furnishings were discovered. Examination of the foundations

and stratication, as well as OSL dating of the bricks, proved that construction of the parish church in the Nowe Miasto Toruń began shortly after the

city’s foundation (1264). This structure was destroyed in the 13

century.

Analyses have revealed that the year 1309, previously considered the beginning of the parish church’s construction, denotes to the construction

of the new, second chancel. The basilica structure of the Nowe Miasto Toruń parish church, from the foundations to the roong of the nave, was built

in stages, from approximately the 3

quarter of the 13

century to 1368. During the 15

century, chapels were built on arcaded foundations. After

1667, the old monastery was joined to the chancel by a corridor, and the claustrum was expanded.

From the 13

century, baptisms were performed at a stone baptismal font. In the 15

and 16

centuries, the interior was decorated with a oor

adorned with our de lis; a tombstone lay in the Chapel of St. Valentine, and a stone washbasin was used for ablutions in the sacristy.

This article points to the importance of archaeology in understanding the architectural history and the origins of Toruń’s Nowe Miasto, thanks to

interdisciplinary research on the Toruń church, considered a gem of Gothic architecture of Pomerania.

Key words: St. James Church, Toruń, Gothic architecture, archaeology, reconstruction of construction stages

Introduction

These considerations focus on the structure of St. James’s

Church in Toruń, recognized as a pearl of Pomeranian ar-

chitecture, built from the 2

half of the 13

century to the

beginning of the 16

century and slightly modied until

the 19

century (Figs. 1–3).

The author’s goal is to demonstrate the crucial role of

archaeological discoveries and ndings in understanding of

the construction process, development stages, and the ar-

chitectural alterations. She also addresses the hypotheses

put forward by those who analyzed St. James’s Church

many years ago, some of whom believed that the construc-

tion of the rst church in the Nowe Miasto Toruń [New

Town of Toruń] begun immediately after the city’s founda-

tion, and others who believed that this history commenced

only in 1309.

State of research

The building in question is the parish church of the his-

toric Nowe Miasto Toruń, founded by the Teutonic Knights

in 1264 (31 years after the founding of the Old Town of

Toruń), located a short distance from the Vistula River,

northeast of the Teutonic stronghold (1231). As it transpires

from the literature of the subject, the parish church of Nowe

Miasto Toruń – formerly dedicated to Saints James and

Philip

– has been the subject of research by many architects

and historians, primarily

medievalists and art historians,

See the inscription on the southern wall of the chancel: […]

CHORUS ET PERFICIENDUS AD LAUDEM SANCTI JACOBI

PARITERQUE PHILIPPI IN QVO LAUDANDUS DEUS EST…

* ORCID: 0000-0002-8901-0437. Institute of Archaeology, Nico-

laus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland, e-mail: kryssul@umk.pl

4 Krystyna Sulkowska-Tuszyńska

Fig. 1. Toruń, St. James’ Church:

A. View of the sacristy; the western tower in the background (photo by K. Sulkowska-Tuszyńska),

B. View of the chapels adjacent to the southern nave (photo by W. Ochotny)

Il. 1. Toruń, kościół św. Jakuba:

A. Widok na zakrystię; w tle wieża zachodnia (fot. K. Sulkowska-Tuszyńska),

B. Widok na kaplice przylegające do nawy południowej (fot. W. Ochotny)

Fig. 2. Toruń, St. James’ Church:

A. Archaeological excavation

plan (2008–2020)

(elaborated by A. Cicha, J. Struwe,

W. Miłek).

B. Plan of the church with

sacristy, chapels, and porch.

The buttresses are being referred

to by numbers 1 through 21

(based on Freymuth 1981)

Il. 2. Toruń, kościół św. Jakuba:

A. Plan wykopów

archeologicznych (2008–2020)

(oprac. A. Cicha, J. Struwe,

W. Miłek)

B. Plan kościoła z zakrystią,

kaplicami i kruchtą.

Cyfry 1–21 oznaczają

numery przypór

(na podstawie Freymuth 1981)

 Writteninarchitecture…St.James’ChurchinToruń–theGothicpearlofPomeraniadiscoveredbyarchaeologists 5

since the 2

half of the 17

century. In the 19

cen tu-

ry, when Poland was under partition, these were mainly

German researchers (Steinbrecht 1885, 26–30; Heise 1889,

291–315; Wernicke 1839, 40–42). In the 20

and 21

cen-

turies, Polish specialists gradually joint in this scientic

discourse (Mroczko 1980; Freymuth 1981; Kutzner 1986;

Krantz-Domasłowska, Domasłowski 2001; Sulkowska-

Tuszyńska 2022a, 18–21; Błażejewska 2022, 7–31; Pile c -

ka 2023).

The exterior of St. James’ Church in Toruń is preserved

in its Gothic style (Figs. 1, 3) with a Renaissance porch; in

the sacred space there are preserved polychromes and in-

scriptions, mainly medieval and baroque works of art.

The rst systematic archaeological research was con-

ducted at this site (site # 360) by the so-called Jacob’s

Expedition of the Institute of Archaeology of the Nicolaus

Copernicus University (Sulkowska-Tuszyńska 2022a, 22–

26). The object of research was a complex problem, made

all the more dicult to analyze and interpret because it

could only be observed from the outside

(Fig. 2A). From

2008 to 2020, research was carried out in eight installments

– mainly around the chancel; only four trenches were set

up near the nave from the south and west and between the

church and the monastery

. In 2020, due to the pavement

change around the church, rescue research conrmed and

enriched this knowledge. The ndings, concerning the ar-

chitecture, the church cemetery and the material culture of

Toruń’s inhabitants, have been presented in numerous pub-

lications (Sulkowska-Tuszyńska 2022a; 2022b; 2023a)

The research on St. James’s Church also aimed to verify

old theses, in order to answer important questions asked by

researchers who analyzed this structure thoroughly, but out

of necessity, only above ground level – Teresa Mroczko

(1980) and Otto Freymuth (1981). Independently, but un-

animously, they called for archaeologists to urgently un-

cover the temple’s foundations to clarify hypotheses that

could not otherwise be proven. This research was summa-

rized in a monograph on St. James’s Church (Sulkowska-

Tuszyńska 2022a, 47–50). In this article, additional results

from rescue research have been added (Sulkowska-

Tuszyńska 2023a) and others, yet unpublished

The history and architecture

of St. James’s Church

The architecture of St. James’s Church stands out from

the medieval hall-style buildings prevalent in Pomerania,

including Toruń. Its basilica form stands out. The building

features a relatively long and narrow chancel and a short

nave, centered on a massive tower with a two-gable roof

(Figs. 2B, 3B). The high chancel is squarely closed, with

Inside, it was possible to set up two surveys – in the northern nave

and at the western tower, where the new oor was not laid.

Between 2008 and 2020, 19 trenches (W-1/08 to W-19/19) and

nine surveys (S-1/11 to S-9/20) were opened. Systematic excavations

were conducted while students were trained during eldwork. Disco-

ve ries inside the church were made possible thanks to nancial support

from the Provincial Conservation Center in Toruń.

There is older literature and a blog: archeologia.jakub.wordpress.com.

a small sacristy to the north. The entire structure is sur-

rounded with buttresses – on the straight sections of the

walls, they are perpendicular to the church axis, on the cor-

ners, diagonal and doubled, and at the nave, single (Figs. 3A,

2B)

Some charm is added by two turrets with stairs inside

– a high polygonal one, from the south, at the junction of

the nave with the chancel, and a low one, from the north,

See also the new plan of St. James’s Church made in 2010, 2011

– measurements by M. Tuszyński, drawing by W. Miłek (after: Sul kow-

ska-Tuszyńska 2022a, Fig. 14 and page 48/49).

Fig. 3. Toruń, St. James’ Church:

A. View of the chancel from the south.

Fragment of the inscription is visible (photo by A. Cicha),

B. View from the southeast of the stair tower and western tower

(photo by K. Sulkowska-Tuszyńska)

Il. 3. Toruń, kościół św. Jakuba:

A. Widok na prezbiterium od południa.

Widoczny fragment inskrypcji (fot. A. Cicha),

B. Widok od południowego wschodu na wieżyczkę schodową

i wieżę zachodnią (fot. K. Sulkowska-Tuszyńska)

6 Krystyna Sulkowska-Tuszyńska

on a quadrangular plan with a cut corner – while also being

a pillar of the supporting arch stretching over the sacristy

(Figs. 3B, 1A)

. To the north and south, the naves are

anked by shallow chapels nestled between buttresses. The

smallest and newest chapel, adjoining the western wall of

the nave, is located next to the main portal (Figs. 1A on the

right, 1B, 2B). Soaring over the entire complex and the

city, the massive tower, on the axis of the complex, was

built into the western bay of the nave. It is anked on the

north and south by two rooms that extend the side naves.

Here is the main portal of the church. Near the tower, on

the north side, is a Renaissance plastered porch with two

portals leading into the interior (Fig. 2B).

The history of St. James’s Church is crucial for consider-

ing the circumstances of architectural alterations. It was

founded by the Teutonic Knights rather than the townspeo-

ple, a fact that has been and continues to be a subject of de-

bate (Błażejewska 2013), in the mid-14

century, the

church, together with the hospital and school, was handed

over by the Teutonic Knights to the Cistercian nuns of Toruń

under the patronage of the Teutonic Knights (Błażejewska

2022, 86–98). Until the mid-16

century, Catholics prayed

in this church; from 1557, for 110 years, it was occupied by

Protestants. Since 1667, it has been Catholic again.

With the advent of the Reformation, already in the 1520s

and 1530s, new religious trends reached Toruń, leading to

the Lutheranization of the townspeople and the city in the

middle of the century (Cackowski et al. 1994)

. Protestants

took over St. James’s Church, removing many furnishings,

rearranging the interior and whitewashing the walls to cov-

er the polychromes. Over time, the side altars were likely

taken apart and perhaps the ooring was replaced

. The

abandoned monastery was converted into a warehouse and

granary. During the, so-called, Swedish Deluge, the church

suered shelling and robbery of the bells. Only in 1667

were the nuns allowed to return to the reclaimed church

and old monastery

. The Protestant city authorities distrust-

ed the monastic orders and were hostile towards Catholics,

so it became necessary to create a cloistered area near St.

James’s Church through construction of a corridor to en-

sure safe passage between the church and the monastery

for the nuns. In the 18

century, the chancel was surround-

ed by new monastery buildings

In 1833, the Prussian occupying authorities forced the

Cistercian-Benedictine nuns to abandon their church and

The nave and sacristy were surrounded by supporting arches ex -

tending from the main walls to the buttresses. As a result of the con struc-

tion of chapels and the raising of the roof, these arches were obscured.

The arch extending onto the sacristy’s turret is the only visible element

of this structure today.

The privilege of King Sigismund Augustus of December 12, 1558,

allowing the preaching of the Gospel according to the Augsburg De no-

mination (Cackowski et al. 1994).

This is merely a supposition. Inside, two fragments of such tiles

were found in two of the surveys.

At the same time, the nuns lost their convent on the Vistula

River, which was destroyed by the Swedes.

This is indicated by preserved iconographic sources – plans of

Toruń from the 18

century and the results of archaeological research at

the contact point with the old monastery building (Cicha 2010; Sul kow -

ska-Tuszyńska, Cicha, 2010).

convent, thus beginning the dissolution of the monastery.

Several years later (1837), the Prussian authorities informed

the parishioners of their intention to close down the ceme-

tery, prohibiting burials in there. To this day, St. James’s

Church serves as the parish for the former Nowe Miasto

Toruń and the surrounding neighborhoods (Sulkowska-

Tuszyńska 2022a, 330, 331).

Of the many publications, two are particularly important

for the archaeologist studying architecture. The rst were

the research of Mroczko (1980), who demonstrated that St.

James’s Church was not a homogenous structure, but was

rather modied during its construction. Based on the “ab-

normal” arrangement of the corner, doubled buttresses of

the chancel, she suggested that the original concept of the

church had already been altered during construction

(Fig. 2B, 3A). She assumed that the chancel was extended

by a single bay, added from the east, over which a pseudo-

polygonal vault was installed. Due to the homogeneity of

the chancel with brick facing (a Polish bond), Mroczko be-

lieved that the hypothesis of the chancel’s extension could

only be veried in the foundation section. In conclusion,

she assumeded that the construction of the chancel began

in the 4

quarter of the 13

century, and subsequent con-

struction phases lasted from 1309 to approximately 1349

(Mroczko 1980, 167, 168). The second researcher, Frey-

muth (1981)

, was also doubteful that the year 1309 could

be the starting point of construction work on the church

and rightly believed that this date could be connected with

the reconstruction of the chancel. He suggested also, that

the entire structure was built by at least two masters and

that older forms are found in the naves, so the chancel is

younger than the naves (!). He stated that the master of

1309 must have taken into account remnants of an older

building, which may have had a polygonally closed chan-

cel, converted to a square one after 1309. According to

Freymuth, the new chancel was built on old foundations

the length and width of the old choir (1981, 14, 28, 30,

56–66, 72, 73); ultimately, he concluded that by the begin-

ning of the 14

century, nothing remained of the original

chancel, but the naves had survived in their original form.

He believed that around 1253 (before the city foundation)

the construction of the rst church with a three-sided clo-

sure began, from 1309 a new chancel was built, and al-

ready in 1349 the construction of the rst of the side cha-

pels between the buttresses of the naves began (Freymuth

1981, 83, 98) (Fig. 2B).

Liliana Krantz-Domasłowska expressed the opposite

opinion, claiming that […] thepresbyteryhadthesame

formasithastodayfromtheverybeginning (Krantz-Do -

ma słow ska, Domasłowski 2001, 47). Jakub Adamski was

convinced of the perfect compositional uniformity of all the

presbytery elements (2010, 19), and Adam Soćko conclud-

ed that the dierent arrangement of the diagonal buttresses

Freymuth was associated with Toruń until the end of World War II.

He died in Goslar in 1953. Only a year after Mroczko’s publication did

his work on the stages of construction of St. James’s Church appear.

What is signicant here is that many of the conclusions reached by both

researchers, undoubtedly formed independently, are convergent, and that

several of them have been positively veried.

 Writteninarchitecture…St.James’ChurchinToruń–theGothicpearlofPomeraniadiscoveredbyarchaeologists 7

resulted from the need to transfer the forces of the vault’s

weight (2010, 60). Many of these theses were veried in the

course of archaeological work. The results of eight excava-

tion campaigns conducted at the church were made avail-

able in the form of articles, lectures, monographs of the ob-

ject, at exhibitions (Sulkowska-Tuszyńska 2022a, literature

there)

and in numerous presentations.

Results of archaeological

and architectural research

After archaeological and architectural research, seven

stages (I–VII) of construction and alterations in the build-

ing process were discerned (Figs. 4, 5A–D).

The rationale for dierentiation of the construction stag-

es and history of St. James’s Church has diverse footing

and importance – it stems from observations of architectur-

al changes, primarily revealed in the foundations, data en-

coded in the stratication of cultural layers, and the context

of artifacts deposited. Written and iconographic sources

were also used, and above all, the results of brick dating by

the OSL (Optically Stimulated Luminescence) method.

Unique medieval objects discovered during excavations,

related to the function and furnishings of the parish church,

also speak to the character of this architecture: a stone bap-

tismal font and tombstone, oor tiles, and a water tank by

the sacristy.

It has been established that the construction of this

church began immediately after the town was marked out.

St. James’s Church has been undergoing renovation and con-

ser vation work for several decades, both inside and outside. During this

work, additional polychromes and inscriptions (14

–18

centuries)

were uncovered, most of which have already been published (Kluczwajd

2010; Błażejewska, Pilecka and Saar-Kozłowska 2023).

StageI

Presbytery and western massif (Phase I: after 1264 – be-

fore 1309: IA – construction of the presbytery I and IB

– beginning of construction of the western massif) (Fig. 5I).

After digging the foundation ditch and collecting the

building materials, the construction of the foundations be-

gan, using eld stones, laying them in layers and pouring

mortar on top (Fig. 6A; phase IA). The stone foundations

of the chancel, both the walls and the buttresses, were con-

sistent in all the examined locations; they were built all at

once. The rst church in Nowe Miasto Toruń, built after the

city’s foundation until the beginning of the 14

century

(before 1309), had a rectangular chancel, square-ended on

the east, with one diagonal buttress resting on a foundation

uniform with the eastern wall in the northeast corner

(Fig. 5I, 10B). Both southern corners of the chancel, how-

ever, had foundations that extended signicantly beyond

the main walls to support some circular or polygonal ma-

sonry structures (presumably turrets). A layer of mortar re-

mained on the top of these foundations (up to 2.2 m high,

3.5 m diagonal) (Fig. 6A, on the left). In other places the

rst presbytery was surrounded by buttresses set at right

angles to the axis (Fig. 6A on the right, 6B – F0-1, phase

IA). The ring time of the bricks sampled from the osets

of the north-east corner of the chancel, above the founda-

tion stones, was determined to be the 13

century, closer to

the 3

quarter of the century

. Thanks to the dating of the

bricks, it is known that the western massif was built no lat-

OSL dating indicates that the bricks from the lower oset: JK4

were red no later than 1221, and from the lower oset, near JK5, no

later than 1262. From the sacristy from the outside: JK3 – ca. 1300

(Chruścińska et al. 2014, Fig. 39, Table 5). The bricks from the north-

eastern corner of the chancel were the oldest of all those used in the

structure of St. James’s Church.

Fig. 4. Toruń, St. James’ Church.

Foundations of the church

uncovered during archaeological

excavations 2008–2020.

The buttresses are being referred

to by numbers 1 trough 21.

Blue and grey – stone foundation

in limestone mortar. Red – brick

foundation and offsets

(drawing by W. Miłek based on

the documentation

of the St. James’ Expedition)

Il. 4. Toruń, kościół św. Jakuba.

Fundamenty kościoła odsłonięte

podczas badań archeologicznych

2008–2020. Cyfry 1–21

oznaczają numery przypór.

Niebieski i szary – fundament

kamienny w zaprawie wapiennej.

Czerwony – fundament ceglany

i odsadzki (rys. W. Miłek wg

dokumentacji Ekspedycji Jakubowej)

8 Krystyna Sulkowska-Tuszyńska

er than the 3

quarter and in the 4

quarter of the 13

cen-

tury (phase IB); the tower was started, and then the western

wall of the nave, homogenous with it, was built

(Chruścińska, Pawlak and Palczewski 2022, 292–298

)

(Fig. 7).

The OSL dating results of samples taken from the northern wall

of the tower (JW1 and JW2) indicated that both bricks were red no later

than 1250, and the average date for bricks from the western wall of the

nave massif JSz1, JSz2 is 1236 ± 30.

Fig. 5. Toruń, St. James’ Church.

Stages of church reconstruction:

I – Phase I

(beginning of construction),

II – Phase II

(reconstruction after 1309),

III – Phase III (addition of chapels);

IV – Phase V, addition of

a connecting passage and

construction of the modern monastery

Blue – connecting passage

foundation (Phase V)

(elaborated by K. Sulkowska-

Tuszyńska, drawing by W. Miłek)

Il. 5. Toruń, kościół św. Jakuba.

Etapy przebudowy kościoła:

I – faza I (rozpoczęcie budowy),

II – faza II (przebudowa po 1309),

III – faza III (dobudowa kaplic);

IV – faza V, dostawienie łącznika

i budowa nowożytnego klasztoru

Niebieski – fundament korytarza/

łącznika (faza V)

(oprac. K. Sulkowska-Tuszyńska,

rys. W. Miłek)

Fig. 6. Toruń, St. James’ Church, chancel: A – eastern wall from the south (W-15/15). The great foundation of the southern corner

(trench 15/15; Phase I), with a diagonal buttress (Phase II). On the right, a straight buttress (see Fig. 2B: 7, 6) (photo by J. Struwe);

B – diagonal buttress of the northern wall (W-3/08).

Foundation of the straight buttress of the northern corner (W-3/08 during exploration), on it a diagonal buttress (phase II) (see Fig. 2B: 3).

F – foundation of the northern chancel wall, O-1 offset of the foundation buttress, O-2 offset of the northern chancel wall, P – diagonal buttress (no. 3)

(photo by K. Sulkowska-Tuszyńska)

Il. 6. Toruń, kościół św. Jakuba, prezbiterium: A – ściana wschodnia od południa (W-15/15). Wielki fundament narożnika południowego

(wykop 15/15; faza I), na nim przekątniowa przypora (faza II). Po prawej przypora prosta (por. il. 2B: 7, 6) (fot. J. Struwe);

B – skośna przypora ściany północnej (W-3/08). Fundament prostej przypory narożnika północnego (W-3/08 w trakcie eksploracji),

na nim przekątniowa przypora (faza II) (por. il. 2B: 3).

F – fundament północnej ściany prezbiterium, O-1 odsadzka fundamentu przypory, O-2 odsadzka północnej ściany prezbiterium, P – przypora skośna (nr 3)

(fot. K. Sulkowska-Tuszyńska)

The indicated construction period of the western massif

and the clearly dierent dimensions of the nave bays (at the

tower and at the junction with the chancel) suggest that

construction of the entire structure, was progressing simul-

taneously, from approximately the 3

quarter of the 13

century through the 4

quarter of the 13

century, may

have proceeded from two directions – the chancel was built

from the east toward the nave, and the nave from the tower

and western wall toward the chancel. This construction se-

quence was already suggested by Freymuth (1981).

Former

monastery

building

Former

monastery

building

Former

monastery

building

Former

monastery

building

 Writteninarchitecture…St.James’ChurchinToruń–theGothicpearlofPomeraniadiscoveredbyarchaeologists 9

Fig. 7. Toruń, St. James’s Church from the interior. Uniform foundation

of the tower and western wall. Bird’s eye view (photo by B. Kriks)

Il. 7. Toruń, kościół św. Jakuba od wnętrza. Jednorodny fundament wieży

i ściany zachodniej. Widok z góry (fot. B. Kriks)

pression of a polygonal closure (Fig. 3A). Perhaps the need

to accommodate the old foundations’ varying lengths and

widths meant that the pairs of diagonal buttresses are not

parallel to each other and have slightly dierent dimensions.

The third and fourth pair of straight buttresses were left un-

changed (Figs. 2B: 2 i 9, 1 i 10). Of the fth pair, right next

to the nave, the southern buttress was erected perpendicular

to the chancel (Fig. 2B: 11), resting its low foundation on

the great foundation from phase IA, and a side portal was

built next to it. Between this entrance and the eastern wall of

the southern nave, a slender, polygonal stair turret was “in-

serted”, partly resting on the great foundation of the phase

IA (Sulkowska-Tuszyńska 2014). Much older bricks were

used to build this turret, probably from the demolished wall

of the rst structure (Pawlak et al. 2025). On the northern

side, by the 3

–4

quarter of the 14

century, a sacristy was

built or extended (?) with an external pillar for the support-

ing arch (Figs. 1A, 2B), inside which stairs lead to a small

gallery, from where there is a view of the main altar

The dating of bricks (OSL) sampled from several loca-

tions in the second chancel indicates a date of the 14

cen-

tury, primarily the 1

half. The results of the absolute dating

of these bricks and the stratication of the walls comple-

ment and conrm each other. The accuracy of this data is

conrmed by an inscription informing about the completion

of the church’s construction in 1368, located in the nave,

above the arcades, and recently discovered during conser-

vation work (Pilecka 2023, 121, 122).

Perhaps during the construction of the sacristy, or at the

latest in the 1

half of the 15

century, a recess was made

inside in its northern wall for a stone washbasin

, from

which a drain was led in the northern wall, in front of the

Archaeological research could not be carried out in the sacristy.

The sacristy was probably built from its eastern wall – the samples

taken there were the oldest (JK1:1297–1356; JK3: 1265–1337); inside,

the sacristy could have been completed as early as the 2

half of the

century: JB: 1320–1400 (Chruścińska et al. 2014, Fig. 39, Table 3;

Chruścińska, Pawlak and Palczewski 2022, Table 6).

Washbasin was identied and uncovered during conservation work.

The above conclusions resulted from observations of the

foundations and their relationship to the above-ground struc-

ture. The architectural modications discovered are support-

ed by a key witness of the past – the stratication of the

layers. The only intact section of the soil prole, not dam-

aged by burial pits, has been preserved around and beneath

the side portal

(trench W-10B/12). There, between the

crown of the stone foundation (phase IA, late 13

/early 14

century) and the modern oor (3

quarter of the 17

centu-

ry), six thin units have grown: typical utility and construc-

tion levels. The lowest preserved layer of brick dust proves

that after the wide foundation (phase IA) was laid, some de-

struction of the upper brick section occurred (Fig. 8, arrows).

From the oldest sacral furnishings, we know only of a stone

bowl in a distinctly late Romanesque style. It was a lime-

stone chalice baptismal font – octagonal, hemispherical in-

side, decorated with motifs of lions (?) striding around holy

water; the Teutonic Knights most likely brought it from

Gotland

. This bowl could have been used for a very long

time, also inside the new second chancel, not only in the

, maybe even in the 15

century (Sulkowska-Tuszyńska

2012; 2022a – cat. 1, 119, 120, Fig. 103; appendix XII,

315–324; 2022b, Fig. 25, 23).

In the 2

half of the 13

century, closer to the end of

that century, the foundations of a large building perpendic-

ular to the axis of the presbytery began – the presumed rst

monastery (Chruścińska et al. 2014, tab. 5; Sulkowska-

Tuszyńska 2022a, 325, 326; Cicha 2010; Sulkowska-

Tuszyńska, Cicha 2010)

StageII

In the second stage, a new presbytery was built – the

second one (after 1309 until about the 3

quarter of the

century; phase II) (Figs. 2B, 3A, 5II).

It can be assumed that Bishop Herman’s placing of the

cornerstone in 1309 was necessitated by the eects of a ca-

tastrophe, after which the chancel was thoroughly rebuilt.

Archaeological discoveries reveal that several new, now di-

agonal buttresses were built on the old foundations of the

rst chancel, without extension by a bay. The new structure

still had a straight eastern wall with three “old” buttresses –

two parallel to the axis and a diagonal one in the northern

corner; the southeast corner however, was thoroughly re-

built: a new diagonal buttress was built in place of the de-

molished (?) tower. This gave both eastern corners diagonal

buttresses (Fig. 2B: 7, 4).The second pair of corner buttress-

es from the east (No. 3 and No. 8) was dismantled to place

the diagonal buttresses on the old foundations and match

them with the rst pair of buttresses, thus obtaining the im-

In other researched places the arrangement of layers was dis -

rupted by burial pits (7–15 levels of graves).

Found in front of the church, in a demolition layer from the 19

century. Such baptismal fonts in the State of the Teutonic Order were used

mainly in the 13

and even in the 14

century (Sulkowska-Tu szyń ska

2022a, 119, 120).

OSL dating allowed us to establish that the brick from this founda-

tion was red no later than 1297. A similar result was shown by dating the

wood from the formwork of this foundation (14C dating by Prof. Marek

Krąpiec; 2022).

10 Krystyna Sulkowska-Tuszyńska

sacristy, 1 m below ground level. Around this opening (45 ×

15 cm), the space between the sacristy wall, the turret, and

the buttress was enclosed by a low wall, thus creating a quad-

rangular container (area 2.85 m

, depth 1 m). In the brick

bottom of the tank (+50.7 m above sea level), a funnel-shaped

outlet for the water was made (30–40 cm lower than the

oor). Until the 1760s

, this tank was lled with water-l-

tering charcoal (Sulkowska-Tuszyńska 2023a, 49, 50)

StageIII

This stage is connected with the construction of chapels

(15

–rst years of the 16

century).

In the 2

quarter of the 15

century, chapels were suc-

cessively added to the nave between the buttresses (Ko-

niecz ny 2010, 112–118), resting their walls on arcade foun-

dations (Fig. 5II). It is known that the current chapel of St.

Va len tine

, was built as the last in the southern row, around

the 1420s–1430s (Konieczny 2010, 98; Sulkowska-Tu-

szyń ska 2023a, 67 .). Its construction began with the dis-

assembly of the appropriate section of the southern wall of

the church nave. Between two extended buttresses, made

of recycled bricks

, a new, southern wall of the chapel was

On the oor of the tank under the charcoal, a Toruń shilling was

found (August III Sas, 1760; IMo-55/20).

Such a container lled with charcoal is unknown from Polish

literature of the subject.

This is the only chapel examined by archaeologists, and only

from the outside.

OSL dating of bricks – 13

century (Pawlak et al. 2025).

built, rested on an arcade foundation supported by a new

buttress on its axis (Fig. 9A). Its medieval furnishings are

unknown. The only known information about its interior

decoration is that the eastern wall and the vaulting were

decorated with plant motifs

. It is very likely that a grave

marked with a limestone slab, with a majuscule inscription

around the “head” and a maker mark on the axis, was locat-

ed in this chapel as early as 1435. The slab lay over the

supposed grave, as indicated by the inscription, of Toruń

alderman Mikołaj Rumpeler

(Krantz-Domasłowska,

Domasłowski 2001, 90; Jurkowlaniec 2015, 318). This is

one of the few medieval tombstones that is fully preserved

and legible

. At that time, the church was oored with tiles

decorated with our de lis (Sulkowska-Tuszyńska 2022a,

74–78, ryc. 56–58, Kat. 78–79).

StageIV

Between 1557 and 1667, the interior of the church was

altered, when Lutherans gathered there: the walls were

whitewashed to cover the polychromes, our de lis deco-

rated oor, which was perhaps associated with the Virgin

Mary, was likely removed, and the side altars were also dis-

assembled. There is no archaeological data for this stage.

Conservation work carried out in 2022.

Nicclos Rumpeler died in 1435, he was the son of Nicholas,

councilor and judge of the Nowe Miasto Toruń.

Over time, during the construction of the Baroque altar, it was

likely removed from the oor and used as a mensa. It remained there until

2020 and was revealed when conservators dismantled the altarpiece.

Fig. 8. Toruń, St. James’s Church. Stratification, section D – from the southern portal of the chancel to the monastery,

along the eastern wall of the nave and the connecting passage. Arrows above the foundation indicate brick dust (phase IA=destruction)

(elaborated by K. Sulkowska-Tuszyńska, drawing by W. Miłek)

Il. 8. Toruń, kościół św. Jakuba. Stratyfikacja, odcinek D – od południowego portalu prezbiterium do klasztoru,

wzdłuż wschodniej ściany nawy i łącznika. Strzałki nad fundamentem wskazują na miał ceglany (faza IA=destrukcja)

(oprac. K. Sulkowska-Tuszyńska, rys. W. Miłek)

 Writteninarchitecture…St.James’ChurchinToruń–theGothicpearlofPomeraniadiscoveredbyarchaeologists 11

StageV

Dated after 1667 to the 1830s. The addition of a con-

necting passage began the construction of the modern mon-

astery (Fig. 5IV), which continued throughout the 18

cen-

tury. The dissolution of the monastery by the Prussians

(1833) brought it to an end.

When the Benedictine nuns were nally able to return

to their convent in 1667 after regaining St. James’s Church,

they rst commissioned the construction of a passageway

– a connecting passage between the old house and the chan-

cel. This was a long and narrow building, essential for

the cloistered convent in the turbulent, predominantly

Protestant city of that time. The connecting passageway was

built on a continuous brick foundation, that disturbed the

burial grounds. The foundation was constructed of recycled

brick

, had two communication routs – the outer one, be-

tween the portal and the monastery along its entire length,

and one on the church side, only between the buttress and

the monastery. The passage matched the width of one bay of

OSL dating of two bricks indicates the 16

and 17

centuries

(Pawlak et al. 2025).

the chancel and was probably roofed

, plastered

and had

a brick oor. It widened at the church portal, narrowed at the

monastery (external width 4.8–5.2 m, internal 3.5–4.4 m)

and visibly leaned towards the east (Figs. 5IV; 9B). The to-

tal length of the passage between the side portal of the chan-

cel and the monastery could have reached 17 m (Sulkowska-

Tuszyńska 2022a, 79–87). The passage was probably

demolished along with the early modern monastery after

the Prussians decided to dissolve the congregation in 1833.

This marks the end of the “monastic” phase of development

in the shade of St. James’s Church.

StageVI

It lasted from around the 1840s until at least the end of the

century. After the dissolution of the Benedictine con-

vent and the demolition of the monastery buildings, in the

quarter of the 19

century, a narrow structure was built

along the entire southern wall of the chancel. It is known

from a lithograph – in 1846, it had the form of a Neo-Gothic

Traces preserved on the presbytery façade, just above the side portal.

Pieces of milky-grey plaster with burgundy wavy lines found in

the demolition layer.

Fig. 9. Toruń, St. James’ Church. St. Valentine’s Chapel:

A. View of the eastern part of the arcaded foundation and the foundation of buttress P-13 (Fig. 2),

B. Western foundation of the passage between the chancel and the monastery (see Fig. 5IV)

(photo by J. Struwe)

Il. 9. Toruń, kościół św. Jakuba. Kaplica św. Walentego:

A. Widok na wschodnią część arkadowego fundamentu i funf. przypory P-13 (il. 2),

B. Zachodni fundament łącznika pomiędzy prezbiterium a klasztorem (por. il. 5IV) (fot. J. Struwe)

12 Krystyna Sulkowska-Tuszyńska

“wall” with battlements. Of this structure, only the outlines

of the foundations of the outer wall and two partition walls,

as well as thick layers of rubble, remain. Meanwhile, in the

sacristy, after 1873, the outer doorway was broken out, the

washbasin alcove was bricked up, and the charcoal tank was

lled in (Sulkowska-Tuszyńska 2023a, 50)

StageVII

This is the nal stage in the history of St. James’s Church.

All that remains of the claustrum is the oldest building, its

gable facing the chancel, and the cemetery site displays of

dozens of tombstones. St. James’s Church currently func-

tions as a parish. The new cemetery is located on Jakubskie

Przedmieście Street. The beautiful Gothic cellars of the

nearby hospital remain underground (!).

Summary and conclusions

In summary, the Gothic Church of St. James in Toruń,

an elegant creation by an unknown master (Sulkowska-

Tuszyńska 2022b), when subjected to archaeological re-

search, revealed evidence of architectural alterations over

the course of over seven hundred years. These alterations

were identied through observation of foundations, stratig-

raphy, OSL dating of bricks, and other sources. The most

important result of the investigation was conrmation that

construction of parish church began in Nowe Miasto Toruń

shortly after the city’s foundation. The church was de-

stroyed after the foundations were laid and the walls were

raised to an unknown height, perhaps as early as the 13

century (an invasion of pagan tribe). It should be added that

Tomasz Jasiński (1999, 145–148) also suggested, the par-

ish church in Nowy Toruń was built immediately after the

city’s foundation. As a result of the analyses, it became

clear that the inscription about the setting the cornerstone

for the church in 1309 refers to the new – second – chancel.

This house for God was built from two sides from the

and 4

quarters of the 13

century. The Teutonic Knights,

increasingly powerful (from 1309 with their capital in Mal-

bork), as ruler of both Toruń cities, emphasized their grow-

ing dominion by erecting a new, taller structure (after 1309).

Verifying the theses of the Gothic architecture scholars

Mroczko and Freymuth, it was conrmed that St. James’s

Church in Toruń is not a uniform structure and that during

its reconstruction, new buttresses and two stair turrets were

built at the corners of the chancel and two stair turrets near

the naves. The two pairs of diagonal buttresses anking the

eastern wall of the chancel were intended to give the design

an impression of polygonality of the eastern closure.

Contrary to Mroczko’s suggestion, the “abnormal” arrange-

ment of duplicated buttresses did not necessitate the addi-

tion of an additional bay – the relevant buttresses were

merely rebuilt from straight to diagonal (Fig. 10A). Thanks

to brick dating using the OSL method, it is known that the

construction of the rst structure was carried out from

In the highest layer of rubble, below the entrance to the sacristy,

there was a coin (2 pfennig – 1873, Germany, Empire).

Fig. 10. Toruń, St. James’ Church.

Chancel – eastern wall. Foundation of the northern corner:

A. Trench W-6/11. View from the north. On the left, a diagonal buttress

with offsets O-1, O-2 (see Fig. 2B, no. 4 and Fig. 5I), on the right,

the foundation (F) of the straight buttress (Fig. 2B, no. 3 and Fig. 4),

on it a new diagonal buttress is visible (Fig. 5II and Fig. 10A-BP),

B. Survey S-6/15. View from the east on the homogeneous foundation

of the eastern wall and the diagonal buttress (not adjustable; Fig. 2B, no. 4)

(photo by J. Struwe)

Il. 10. Toruń, kościół św. Jakuba.

Prezbiterium – ściana wschodnia Fundament narożnika północnego:

A. Wykop W-6/11. Widok od północy. Po lewej przypora skośna

z odsadzkami O-1, O-2 (por. il. 2B, nr 4 i il. 5I),

po prawej fundament (F) przypory prostej (il. 2B, nr 3 i il. 4),

na nim widoczna nowa skośna przypora (il. 5II i il. 10A-BP),

B. Sondaż S-6/15. Widok od wschodu na jednorodny fundament

wschodniej ściany i skośnej przypory (nieprzestawianej; il. 2B, nr 4)

(fot. J. Struwe)

 Writteninarchitecture…St.James’ChurchinToruń–theGothicpearlofPomeraniadiscoveredbyarchaeologists 13

References

Adamski, Jakub. “Pseudopoligonalne sklepienie chóru kościoła pw. św.

Ja kuba w Toruniu – próba nowego spojrzenia.” In Dzieje i skarby

kościołaświętojakubskiegowToruniu, edited by Katarzyna Klucz-

wajd. Towarzystwo Naukowe Organizacji i Kierownictwa “Dom

Orga nizatora”, 2010.

Błażejewska, Anna. “Kościół św. Jakuba w kontekście dyskusji nad zna-

czeniem patronatu krzyżackiego dla jego budowy i architektonicz-

nej formy.” In Stare i nowedziedzictwoTorunia, edited by Juliusz

Raczkowski. Wydział Sztuk Pięknych UMK, 2013.

Błażejewska, Anna. Architektura kościoła św. Jakuba w Toruniu jako

przedmiotbadańnaukowych. Wydawnictwo Naukowe UMK, 2022.

Błażejewska, Anna, Elżbieta Pilecka, and Alicja Saar-Kozłowska, eds.

Dzieje i skarby kościoła św. Jakuba. Nowe rozpoznanie. Oddział

Toruński Stowarzyszenia Historyków Sztuki, Towarzystwo Nau ko-

we w Toruniu, 2023.

Cackowski, Stefan, Bogumił Dybaś, Kazimierz Maliszewski, Zbigniew

Na worski, and Stanisław Salmonowicz. Historia Torunia. Vol. 2,

cz. 1. W czasachrenesansu,reformacjii wczesnegobaroku(1660–1793).

Wydawnictwo TNT, 1994.

Chruścińska, Alicja, Anna Cicha, Natalia Kijek, Piotr Palczewski, Krzy-

sztof Przegiętka, and Krystyna Sulkowska-Tuszyńska. “Lu mi nes-

cence dating of bricks from the gothic Saint James church in To -

ruń.” Geochronometria 41, no. 4 (2014): 352–60. https://doi.org/

10.2478/s13386-013-0165-y.

Chruścińska, Alicja, Natalia Pawlak, and Piotr Palczewski. “Datowanie

lu minescencyjne cegieł z bryły kościoła św. Jakuba w Toruniu.” In

Krys tyna Sulkowska-Tuszyńska, Kościół św. Jakuba w Toruniu.

His toria wziemizapisana. Towarzystwo Miłośników Torunia, 2022

[Aneks VI, 297, tab. 6].

Cicha, Anna. “Klasztor cysterek-benedyktynek przy kościele pw. św. Ja -

kuba w Toruniu w świetle źródeł ikonogracznych i archeologicz-

nych.” In Dzieje i skarby kościoła świętojakubskiego w Toruniu,

edited by Katarzyna Kluczwajd. Towarzystwo Naukowe Organizacji

i Kierownictwa “Dom Organizatora”, 2010.

Freymuth, Otto. “Untersuchungen zur mittelalterlichen Baugeschichte

der Neustädter Pfarrkirche St. Jacobi zu Thorn.” In Thorn:Königin

derWeichsel1231–1981, edited by Bernhart Jahnig and Peter Let-

ke mann. Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1981.

around the 3

quarter of the 13

century, and subsequent

construction phases accumulated after 1309 and, as indicat-

ed by the date in the inscription, lasted until 1368 (Pilecka

2023, 121, 122). Currently, without dating many bricks

from the upper parts of the structure, it is impossible to ver-

ify the construction stages up to the roof. Freymuth’s sug-

gestion that the entire structure was built by at least two

masters is justied, as there are visible dierences between

the foundations of the tower massif (wide footing, no o-

sets, slight slant of the foundation face, no large stones at

the corners, less care in arranging the stone layers) (Fig. 7)

and the presbytery (wide brick osets, no footing, consider-

able slant of the foundation face, large at stones at the cor-

ners, stones in the layers clearly selected according to size)

(Fig. 6, 10). It seems that the two brick bonds visible in the

walls – Wendish and Polish – can be linked to two stages of

the chancel’s construction. There is no evidence to deter-

mine at what stage or to what extent the rst construction

was advanced before the construction of the new, second

chancel began after some disaster. It has been assumed that

if the rst chancel had been nished and roofed before the

destruction, fragments of roof tiles would have survived

above the undisturbed soil, but none were found. The col-

lected data indicates that Freymuth was right in suggesting

that the second chancel could have been added to the naves,

but he was fundamentally wrong in claiming that a slanted

arrangement of the buttresses can be connected with a po-

lygonal closure. Archaeological verication carried out

along almost the entire eastern wall of the chancel (Fig. 6B,

10B) refuted the hypothesis of a three-sided eastern closure

of the rst church (Gąsiorowski 2011, 85). When building

a new chancel after 1309, the master used the existing foun-

dations and did not change them in anywhere (!).

From the above, it follows that before the addition of chapels

began, the construction of St. James’s Church, begun in the

quarter of the 13

century, already lasted nearly a century.

Thanks to excavations, it is known that in the earliest

period, a chalice-shaped stone baptismal font was used in

the church; in the 15

and 16

centuries, the sacred space

was decorated with a colorful ooring with our de lis, and

a tombstone was located in the Chapel of St. Valentine.

A washbasin for ablutions before the liturgy was a signi

cant convenience in the sacristy.

In summary, the observations of the discovered alter-

ations made by archaeologists, conrmed by the results of

absolute OSL dating, leave no doubt that the Nowe Miasto

Toruń had been building its own church since the begin-

ning of its foundation (1264), a common practice in

Christian Europe and in Hanseatic cities.

Pointing to the role of archaeology in deciphering archi-

tecture, it was proven that in the course of archaeological

and architectural research identication certain stages of the

building’s construction and expansion was made possible.

The application of absolute brick dating using the OSL

method revealed the periods of architectural modications

and demonstrated that, in addition to new bricks, recycled

material was also employed in the 14

and 15

centuries.

The furnishings discovered conrm the building’s function,

speaking to the tastes and generosity of the benefactors and

parishioners, as well as to contacts and transfers of ideas.

Despite numerous publications on St. James’s Church in

Toruń and the extensive research already conducted, pri-

marily through conservation and archaeological eorts,

this elegant church deserves still further studies. From an

archaeological perspective, a series of further brick datings

using the OSL method (naves, chapels, upper sections of

the building, and tower) are urgently needed, as well as ar-

chaeological and architectural research beneath the chancel

and in the crypt. The alterations documented using this ar-

chaeological method, of crucial importance, especially for

explaining the initial history of this church and the entire

Nowe Miasto Toruń, do not resolve many issues, therefore,

research should continue.

Translatedby

JoannaDidik

14 Krystyna Sulkowska-Tuszyńska

Streszczenie

Zapisane w architekturze… Kościół św. Jakuba w Toruniu – gotycka perła Pomorza odkrywana przez archeologów

Tematem artykułu jest kościół św. Jakuba w Toruniu poddany w latach 2008–2020 badaniom archeologicznym. Celem autorki było przedstawienie

najważniejszych wyników odkryć i płynących z nich konkluzji.

W trakcie prac wykopaliskowych odkryto liczne ślady zmian dokonywanych w architekturze oraz elementy wystroju sacrum. Dzięki zbadaniu

fundamentów i stratykacji oraz datowaniu cegieł metodą OSL udowodniono, że w Nowym Mieście Toruniu farę zaczęto budować niedługo po

lokacji miasta (1264). Budowla ta w XIII w. została zniszczona.

Po wykonaniu analiz wiadomo, że rok 1309, uznawany dotąd za początek wznoszenia fary, odnosi się do budowy nowego – II prezbiterium.

Bazylikowa bryła fary Nowego Miasta Torunia od położenia fundamentów do zadaszenia korpusu powstawała etapami, od około 3. ćwierci XIII w.

do 1368 r. W ciągu XV stulecia budowano kaplice na arkadowych fundamentach. Po 1667 r. stary klasztor połączono z prezbiterium korytarzem,

a claustrum rozbudowano.

Od XIII w. chrztów udzielano w kamiennej chrzcielnicy. W XV–XVI w. wnętrze zdobiła posadzka z motywami lilii; w kaplicy św. Walentego

leżała płyta nagrobna, a w zakrystii do ablucji służyła kamienna umywalka.

W artykule wskazano na ważką rolę archeologii w poznawaniu historii architektury i początku Nowego Miasta Torunia, dzięki interdyscyplinar-

nym badaniom toruńskiego kościoła, uznanego za perłę gotyckiej architektury Pomorza.

Słowa kluczowe: kościół św. Jakuba, Toruń, architektura gotycka, archeologia, rekonstrukcja etapów budowy

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