Archetyp miasta we współczesnej przestrzeni miejskiej na przykładzie miasta Krakowa

Hubert Mełges, Małgorzata Mełges

doi:10.5277/arc120209

Streszczenie

Zachodzące zmiany w społeczeństwach bezpośrednio przekładają się na architekturę i urbanistykę. Bieg cywilizacji oraz (między innymi) pozytywistyczne i neopozytywistyczne nurty myślowe, jak też trendy technokratyczne i nieograniczony dostęp do środków masowego przekazu stworzyły szeroką sferę informacji zwaną infosferą. Świat wkroczył w odkrycia dotyczące wszystkich dziedzin nauki, w wyniku czego ludzkość, szczególnie w miastach zmieniła styl życia. W efekcie przekształciły się rodzaje potrzeb i usług oraz skala popytu i konsumpcji. Zapanował styl tzw. nadmiernej „szybkości życia”. Rozwój komunikacji (w tym samochodowej) sprawił, że właśnie miasta z istniejącą dotychczasową infrastrukturą techniczną (między innymi komunikacyjną) nie radzą sobie ze zjawiskiem przeciążenia motoryzacyjnego. Nowe technologie budowlane wraz z coraz to nowszymi rozwiązaniami materiałowymi zmieniają dotychczasowy wyraz estetyczny miast, ich skalę i atmosferę. Obserwuje się nagminny wyścig na rynku technologicznym oraz chęć zaimponowania nowymi „kreacjami architektoniczno-budowlanymi”. Polska po licznych doświadczeniach dziejowych, które głównie skumulowały się w XX w. (jak dwie wojny światowe i okres powojennej Polski socjalistycznej, a teraz proces przyspieszonej transformacji w zakresie szybkiego nadrabiania różnic cywilizacyjnych), znalazła się w bardzo szczególnym miejscu, pomiędzy wschodem a rozwiniętym zachodem (jeżeli chodzi o bazę ekonomiczną). Próby szybkiego wyrównania skutków zapaści ekonomicznej i wynikłych z tego błędów w architekturze i planowaniu przestrzennym spowodowały, że wiele działań wymknęło się spod kontroli planistyczno-architektonicznej i ekologicznej również w miastach. Miasta o historycznych rodowodach, z wielowiekowym nawarstwieniem kulturowym stanowią cenne przykłady ciągłości rozwijającej się myśli urbanistyczno- architektonicznej. Stanowią one swoiste „banki” interdyscyplinarnej wiedzy, można by rzec „mateczniki” myśli architektoniczno-przestrzennej miast. Architektura precyzyjnie rejestruje zmiany cywilizacyjne, które bezpośrednio obnażają całą wiedzę i poziom jej aktualnych twórców. Te przemiany są czytelne, jak w przysłowiowym „papierku lakmusowym”. Brak planów zagospodarowania przestrzennego powoduje, że wiele decyzji dotyczących pozwolenia na budowę często ma charakter niezwiązany z dalekosiężnymi strategicznymi decyzjami wizji urbanistycznych. W celu unormowania tej sytuacji konieczna jest społeczna dyskusja w gronie specjalistów różnych dziedzin nauk interdyscyplinarnych, aby wszelkie rozwiązania były decyzjami odpowiedzialnymi.

Słowa kluczowe:
archetyp-miasta
środowisko-kulturowe
kompozycja-urbanistyczno-architektoniczna

Podgląd pełnego artykułu jest możliwy wyłącznie na większych ekranach.

Pełny artykuł

Most of the cities in Poland have their historical lineag-

es. More and more new cities are built. On the other hand,

the existing modern cities must face the issue of their de-

velopment, although it must take place in accordance with

their cultural continuity. Our observations of various trans-

formations in the historical city scope are based on the ex-

ample of the city of Cracow. Cracow was fortunate enough

to escape the Second World War destruction. This is a great

EHQH¿W EHFDXVH PDQ\ LQYDOXDEOH ZRUNV RI QDWLRQDO DQG

ZRUOGFXOWXUH VXUYLYHG ZKLFK HYLGHQFHG WKH PDJQL¿FHQW

cultural continuity of this city existing since the 10

centu-

ry. Cracow is a good example of a model historical city. It is

placed among the leading European cities which are said to

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genius loci [6, p. 208]. Apart from the aforementioned mer-

its, we can observe that each historical period introduced

various stigma (positive and negative as well). Two world

ZDUVOHIWVSHFL¿FWUDFHVRILPSRYHULVKPHQWLQWKHFLW\DU-

chitecture. Particularly, the period of post-war avant-garde

and Socialist Realism created a new style and aesthetics

of buildings and urban system spatiality. An unprecedented

example here is Nowa Huta situated in the eastern part of

Cracow. This part of the city built totally from scratch, as

if to counterbalance the existing development tissue, is

a classic example of a Stalin époque town, the so called

Socialist Realism. According to Professor of architecture

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remarkable urban planner “Nowa Huta was built against

common sense and it was a violation of history, tradition

and law; it had unimaginable consequences for the envi-

ronment of Cracow at the moment this decision was made”

[1, p. 88]. Poverty of the post-war years, lack of any basic

building materials, ideological slogans and political guide-

OLQHVLQÀXHQFHGGHFLVLYHO\WKHFKRLFHRIORFDWLRQDQGPHWK-

ods of building new fragments and districts of the city. Per-

manent transformations in time are quick and it still seems

that there are delays. For example, this may refer to strate-

gies in working out target visions, in solving transportation

problems as well as in making decisions on comprehensive

investments in technical infrastructure which is the basis

and main backbone of urban development in the context of

contemporary comprehensive needs.

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Archetype of city in the modern city space on the example of Cracow

Introduction

* Faculty of Architecture, Cracow University of Technology.

Role of spatial planning

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tion of architecture, should constitute the art of shaping

space while taking into consideration the needs and good

of man with all consequences of retaining the require-

ments of interdisciplinary knowledge. Land development

plans are determined by urban guidelines for the areas des-

ignated for the development with various ways of usage

of the terrain. Being aware of the fact that each space is

a limited and common property with a social character,

managing the space requires a social approval and social

understanding as to the methods of its shaping. Land de-

YHORSPHQWIRUYDULRXVQHHGVDVZHOODVEHQH¿WVRIFXOWXUH

and technical knowledge constitutes a priority principle of

coexistence of man and nature. Having a responsibility for

all urban planning decisions, we cannot fail to take into

2012

No. 2(32)

DOI: 10.5277/arc120209

56 +XEHUW0HáJHV0DáJRU]DWD0HáJHV

human endurance and adaptation possibilities after which

the nuisance becomes unbearable” [6, p. 208].

In such situations, various sorts of pathological phe-

nomena are possible to occur along with the so called emo-

tional burnout or lack of identity with the place and sur-

roundings. Urban planners in the name of well understood

social good must object to the pressure of the increasing

economical needs which are often directed towards imme-

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broad understanding.

Fig. 1. Characteristic fragment of Cracow (magical place) – view from

)ORULDĔVNLD6WUHHWRQ0DULDFNL&KXUFKSKRWRE\+0HáJHV

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tion while showing the city to a group of students of architecture from

Germany. One beautiful afternoon we took the students to the Forum

Hotel viewing deck. Right before our eyes a view of Cracow panorama

appeared with numerous accents and dominants. The entire group gave

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– we thought that she lost consciousness…

account humanitarian relations of man with the world of

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in planning urban spaces and the city environment this

humanitarian accent is expressed by the green and the so

called biologically active area. A characteristic contem-

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causes the increase of various nuisances which degenerate

the existing natural environment in the city. The growing

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cal sphere and they can be seen in exceeding “the limits of

Historical past of Cracow and its present day

On the example of Cracow, we can brilliantly follow

the origins of the city since the 10

century with its mag-

QL¿FHQW5RPDQH[DPSOHVRIWRZQDUFKLWHFWXUH([FHOOHQW

examples of the Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, Classicism

or the 19

-century structures of the then new urban com-

positional ideas, in spite of their style differences, retained

this basic feature of unifying and merging due to their scale

and proportions. A logical medley of styles and urban co-

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of buildings along with their details, etc. This uniformity is

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and streets with particular almost theatrical scenery and

with exposing perspective closures which are accented by,

for example, height dominants (Fig. 1).

According to Professor Bogdanowski, “A characteristic

feature of interiors of the city complex constitutes a domi-

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advantage provides an indispensable factor of reception of

the complex as a historic city” [1, p. 88]. The particular

complexes of urban interiors and streets for various frag-

ments of the town create a variety of climates and moods.

These signalled values contribute to the fact that the atmos-

phere of this city is authentically unique in the opinions of

various specialists such as historians of art, restorers, ar-

chitects and town planners. These values are perceived by

people from diverse cultures coming from all parts of the

world. It is interesting to note that regardless of a national-

ity, delight and admiration for the old Cracow architecture

is great with no exception

. A readable arrangement of ur-

ban and architectural compositions is very characteristic

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developments. In the contemporary urban arrangements

of growing cities predominant features are housing estates

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are mostly characterised by a rather accidental system of

Archetype of city in the modern city space on the example of Cracow 57

urban composition with geometrical spatial forms. Urban

concepts were often adjusted to technological needs, for

example, for building cranes tracks. As a result, the inte-

riors had monotonous geometrical walls and simple gray

façades with hundreds of identical windows (Fig. 2).

Following such progressive town developmental ten-

dencies, it was often the case that the town archetype re-

sulting from long-term historical actions lost its expres-

sion. Therefore, it seems that these long worked out town

archetype forms are often neglected in the scope of town

development. A spatial and aesthetic expression of towns

was dominated by economical aspects and new fashions.

A simultaneous lack of land development plans for many

towns deprives architects and town planners of any control

over the main objective, namely, liquidity of sustainable

architectural and urban actions based on appropriate expe-

riences and realisations of predecessors.

A new phenomenon for the majority of modern towns

is a process of locating a great number of big shopping

centres with the accompanying areas for car parks within

the borders of cities (Fig. 3).

As a result of such activities, the enormous (as for the

FLW\FRQGLWLRQVVSDFHVDUHFKDQJHGLQWRµELRORJLFDOO\GHDG

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tres contribute to creating new transportation solutions,

while on the other hand they accumulate a great number

of vehicles, which causes changes in the microclimate

around these structures and generates huge pollution from

car fumes (Fig. 4).

Among a multitude of diverse problems of the con-

WHPSRUDU\3ROLVKWRZQVDQDSSDUHQWO\LQVLJQL¿FDQWSURE-

lem comes out which is very annoying for our sense of

aesthetics. The main entrance roads leading to cities as

well as major streets are often full of various billboards at

the area of many kilometers. Quite frequently, these bill-

boards carelessly obscure great panoramic views of cities

(Fig. 5).

We must bear in mind that some characteristic panoramic

views which are seen by a tourist who is entering a city con-

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a general assessment and the image of the city emphasising

“its panoramic and townscape logo” [5, p. 46].

Fig. 3. Example of a great shopping centre complex

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Fig. 4. Car parks situated at shopping centres occupy huge areas

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Fig. 5. Billboards on major entrance roads to the city

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Expansion of towns on the adjacent rural areas

The fact that rural areas border closely on administra-

tive limits of towns sooner or later involves the risk for

villages of being incorporated into the structures of rapidly

growing cities. We deal here with a popular phenomenon

RIµVZDOORZLQJ¶UXUDODUHDVDORQJZLWKWKHLU FXOWXUDODQG

agricultural tradition by dynamically developing cities. As

a result of such transformations, there is no alternative for

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for recreation and rest; however, they are still moved and

limited territorially [4]. This is a complex problem and re-

quires a particular attention from urban planners because it

disturbs the city ecology. It also refers to rural issues con-

nected with historical plans of villages, their history, cul-

WXUHDQGFXOWXUDODUHDVRI¿HOGVIRUHVWVDQGPHDGRZV7KH

issues connected with widely understood recreation, sport,

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58 +XEHUW0HáJHV0DáJRU]DWD0HáJHV

FLWLHVDQGZKLFKFRQVWLWXWHDFKDOOHQJHDQGDµPDWHULDO¶IRU

urban planners and architects have a particular importance

for the life of city residents as well as for the residents of

the extended areas. It is also worth paying attention to the

fact of changing the transformed areas by means of intro-

ducing the complex technical infrastructure. During such

activities, top geological layers of soil are changed from

biologically active areas to biologically dead areas.

Questions

We should pose the following questions: what can hap-

pen to the cultural past and heritage during the develop-

ment of modern cities? Should the archetype of growing

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all due respect for the newest technological, material as

well as engineering trends? Should we protect the cultural

heritage of cities along with its identity and homeliness?

What is the most effective way of protecting a city resident

and biological environment of cities?

Such doubts are plenty – they are caused by the results

of changes that take place and consequently many of these

TXHVWLRQVUHPDLQXQDQVZHUHG&\FOHVRIFLYLOL]DWLRQWUDQV-

formations give rise to a new dimension and image of a city.

We can only ask: are we going in the right direction?

Translated by

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1978.

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