Conservation of the Renaissance towns of Southern Poland based on selected examples: an introduction to research

Dominika Kuśnierz-Krupa, Kazimierz Kuśnierz, Małgorzata Hryniewicz, Julia Ivashko, Dorota Bober

doi:10.37190/arc220408

Abstract

This paper discusses the conservation of selected historical Renaissance urban layouts located in the Lesser Poland, Subcarpathian and Holy Cross voivodeships. The objective of the study was to analyze previous research on the theory of Renaissance urban design theory in Poland, with a particular emphasis on the areas in question, as well as the typology of the urban layouts founded during this period. An analysis of urban layouts of selected small towns was performed, which also covered their current forms of statutory conservation. The degree of preservation of the layouts’ historical structure was determined, and a proposal of general guidelines for their conservation was formulated.

2022

4(72)

Dominika Kuśnierz-Krupa*, Kazimierz Kuśnierz**,

Małgorzata Hryniewicz***, Julia Ivashko****, Dorota Bober*****

Conservation of the Renaissance towns of Southern Poland

based on selected examples: an introduction to research

Introduction

The conservation and revalorization of historical urban

layouts appears to be a particularly signicant subject. As

a result of the dynamic development of big and small cit-

ies, as well as their multi-directional transformation, any

and all initiatives aimed at the conservation and revalori-

zation of historical urban structures are essential [1], [2]. It

should be noted that in the case of cities and towns located

in historical Lesser Poland, namely the present-day Lesser

Poland, Subcarpathian and Holy Cross voivodeships, they

were mostly established in the Middle Ages or during the

Renaissance. The establishment period of a given layout

determined its urban model in the majority of cases, as

each of these historical periods had its own specicity and

factors that directly contributed to a city’s or town’s plan.

Objective, scope, method and state of research

The objective of this paper is to determine the state of

preservation of selected Renaissance urban layouts with

outstanding cultural values, along with an analysis of the

current state of the layouts’ conservation and preparing

a set of general guidelines for this purpose.

The analysis presented covered three urban layouts:

Zakliczyn, located in the present-day Lesser Poland Voi -

vodeship, Cieszanów, located in the Subcarpathian Voi-

vodeship, and Raków, which is within the administrative

borders of the Holy Cross Voivodeship. The genesis of

the towns’ establishment and their original urban layouts,

as delineated during their founding, are presented. The

cri teria used to select the Renaissance towns for analysis

were classication as a commercial settlement founded

by a private owner, high historical value of the town’s

historical urban structure, and its current scale being that

of a town with a similar economic potential and location

within a dierent voivodeship.

The study employed an original research procedure

developed by Dominika Kuśnierz-Krupa. It had previous-

ly been used to analyze and investigate medieval spatial

layouts. It consists of ve stages, each of which is con-

ducted based on a dierent selection of research methods.

The rst stage of the procedure is based on desk research,

to be performed at selected archive-keeping institutions.

This stage of research is intended to procure the necessary

historical materials on the genesis of the establishment

and development of a city or town, which can allow for

the correct identication of its developmental phases and

its original spatial structure. The second stage involves the

study of the existing state of the cultural landscape, most

importantly the urban layout. This involves eld research

mostly based on surveying the territory of the town cor-

responding to its scope during the issue of its town char-

ter and covers its surviving elements, such as a market

square, town blocks, settlement plots, as well as overall

arch itectural heritage. The third stage of the procedure

is based on using aerial archaeology to analyze a town’s

urban layout. The fourth stage involves logical analysis

and construction, and is based on confronting the ndings

of previous stages, most importantly comparing archival

plans with aerial photos, as well as analyzing them from

DOI: 10.37190/arc220408

Published in open access. CC BY NC ND license

ORCID: 0000-0003-1678-4746. Faculty of Architecture, Cra-

cow Uni ver sity of Technology, Poland, e-mail: dkusnierz-krupa@pk.edu.pl

** ORCID: 0000-0001-6703-5695. Architect. Kraków, Poland.

*** ORCID: 0000-0002-8034-1520. Faculty of Architecture,

Cracow University of Technology, Poland.

**** ORCID: 0000-0003-4525-9182. Kyiv National University

of Construction and Architecture, Kyiv, Ukraine.

*****

ORCID: 0000-0002-0681-9207. Architect. Rzeszów, Poland.

84 Dominika Kuśnierz-Krupa, Kazimierz Kuśnierz, Małgorzata Hryniewicz, Julia Ivashko, Dorota Bober

the standpoint of changes to a town’s urban layout and

its historical monuments. The fth and nal stage of the

procedure utilizes synthesis to determine the state of pres-

ervation of a historical urban layout and the legibility of

the model based on which it had been delineated. For this

study, the procedure was enhanced with a sixth stage,

which analyzes the current state of statutory conservation

of the urban layouts under investigation [3].

Polish Renaissance towns were previously studied by,

among others, Wojciech Kalinowski [4], [5], Jerzy Ko wal-

czyk [6], Mieczysław Książek [7], [8], Kazimierz Kuś nierz

[9]–[12], Tadeusz Tołwiński [13], Tadeusz Wróbel [14],

Danuta Kłosek-Kozłowska [15], Teresa Zarębska [16], and

Dominika Kuśnierz-Krupa and Michał Krupa [17]. H

ow-

ever, these studies were mostly conned to the analysis

of the urban structure and architectural heritage of Re-

naissance towns and cities. The statutory conservation of

Renaissance urban layouts has thus far been explored only

marginally in academic studies.

Renaissance urban layouts in Poland

In Polish urban planning history, the Renaissance is con -

sidered to have coincided with the period between the

mid-16

and the 17

centuries [8, p. 7]. Many changes in

urban planning took place in this period. They were dic-

tated by, among others, an evolution of conducting war-

fare, which necessitated change in defensive systems, new

planning ideas (la città ideale), which came to Poland

from Western European countries, and the socio-politi-

cal situation in the country [13]. This caused Polish cities

planned during the Renaissance to be, in most cases, dif-

ferent from cities founded in the Middle Ages in terms of

urban construction.

It should be noted that Polish Renaissance urban lay-

outs can be divided into two essential groups: urban and

residential settlements and commercial settlements. Irre-

spective of this, it should be mentioned that, apart from

cities and towns that deliberately referenced “ideal” de-

signs by Italian theorists in their urban structure, fortress

cities were also built during this period, erected predom-

inantly by wealthy landowners in borderland territories,

in addition to spatial plans of so-called new cities that

formed annexes to already existing urban structures, such

as squares, streets, and engineering and sanitary construc-

tions [12, pp. 99–106, 17].

During the Renaissance, magnate families (e.g., the Lu -

bomirski, Krasicki, Zamoyski, Sieniawski, Czartoryski,

Jor dan, Sienieński and Cieszanowski families) had a sig-

nicant inuence on urbanization as, due to constantly

expanding their estates, they required local administrative

and commercial centers that mostly served as markets for

the products of their latifundia.

This study analyzed the urban layouts of three Renais-

sance towns founded in the territory of contemporaneous

Lesser Poland and that represented the commercial settle-

ment type and are currently located in three dierent voi-

vodeships: Zakliczyn (Lesser Poland Voivodeship), Cie sza -

nów (Subcarpathian Voivodeship) and Raków (Holy Cross

Voivodeship).

Zakliczyn

Zakliczyn is located in the Rożnów Upland, on the right

bank of the Dunajec River. In terms of administration, it

is located in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in Tarnów

County, and is the seat of an urban-rural municipality.

The town was founded in 1558 close to Melsztyn Cas-

tle, by Spytko Wawrzyniec Jordan [18, p. 296], [19], based

on the Magdeburg law [20, p. 182]. Previously, the town’s

territory had been occupied by the village of Opatkowice,

which belonged to the Benedictine monastery in Tyniec.

The Jordan family received this land from the monks by

means of property exchange.

The town had a favorable location along a trade route

that ran along the Dunajec and along the route that con-

nected Biecz and Cracow, which is why it developed well

and relatively quickly. Around 20 years after its founding,

the town already featured a bath house, two grain mills

and a fulling mill. Shortly afterwards, a town hall was also

erected on its market square [20, pp. 180, 181].

Zakliczyn’s urban layout was probably delineated based

on the short schnur unit of measurement, which was 37 m

long. At the center of the town, a rectangular market

square was delineated, measuring ca. 170 × 100 m. Sin-

gular town blocks were demarcated around the market

square. The northern block was markedly deeper than the

others, as here the settlement plots transitioned into elds

used by the settlers. This clearly indicates an agrarian use,

which, apart from commerce and crafts, was signicant

in Zakliczyn.

Circulation trails in Zakliczyn’s urban layout were based

on seven streets that extended from the market square, of

which three had primary signicance, while the others

were merely local streets (see Figs. 1–3).

The (originally wooden) parish church of St. Giles was

located outside of the urban layout as founded, which was

associated with its pre-founding age.

Zakliczyn changed owners several times. After the Jor-

dan family, it belonged to the Zborowski, Sobek, and Tarło

families. The latter were the founders of a monastery of

the Reformed Congregation of Friars Minor, which was

erected in 1622 [19].

The town, considering the previously discussed typology

of Renaissance towns established in historical Lesser Po-

land, represents the commercial type that acted as a mar-

ket for the region and surrounding villages that belonged to

the Jordan family. It should also be noted that Zakliczyn’s

plan allows us to classify it as a settlement delineated using

a traditional, medieval form of urban space organization.

A review of archival maps that feature Zakliczyn (the

First Military Survey – Map of Galicia and Lodomeria of

1769–1783, the Galician Cadaster of 1848, the Second Mil-

itary Survey – Map of Galicia and Bukovina from 1861–

1864) and up-to-date survey documentation of the town

indicated that its original urban layout, which emerged

during the period of its founding in the mid-16

century,

has mostly survived into the present. Its inarguable values

are evident in the fact that its urban layout is listed in the

(entry no. A-21) based on a decision issued in 1976 [21].

Conservation of the Renaissance towns of Southern Poland based on selected examples: an introduction to research 85

Zakliczyn also has a local spatial development plan

(hereinafter: LSDP) in eect, which includes several stat-

utory conservation zones for its cultural heritage assets,

including the urban layout (strict conservation zone) [22].

The town was found not to possess an up-to-date his-

torical monument preservation program, which is unfortu-

nate, as such a document, the drafting of which every four

years is mandatory for a municipality, as stipulated in the

historical monument protection and preservation act [23],

supports local communities in revalorizing and preserving

local cultural heritage assets, procuring funding for this

purpose, and allows municipal planning and management

in the eld of monument protection and revalorization.

In summary, it can be concluded that the historical

urban structure of Zakliczyn, which has high historical

values due to its state of preservation, is under proper

conservation. This conservation is ensured by its listing

in the register of monuments, and is further enhanced by

the LSDP’s regulations. In this context, the need to draft

a municipal monument preservation program should be

noted, so that it can be used to support the local commu-

nity, including private owners, in the process of protecting

and revalorizing Zakliczyn’s monuments.

Fig. 1. Zakliczyn on the First Military Survey

– the Map of Galicia and Lodomeria in the years 1769–1783

(source: Archives of the Chair of the History of Architecture

and Monument Conservation of the FoA CUT

– Urban Planning Team, map photo)

Il. 1. Zakliczyn na I Zdjęciu Wojskowym,

Mapie Galicji i Lodomerii z lat 1769–1783

(źródło: Archiwum Katedry Historii Architektury

i Konserwacji Zabytków, WA PK

– Zespół Historii Urbanistyki, fot. mapy)

Fig. 2. Zakliczyn on the Galician Cadaster from 1848

(source: National Archives in Cracow,

sign. 29/280/0/2.1/310)

Il. 2. Zakliczyn na katastrze galicyjskim z 1848 r.

(źródło: Archiwum Narodowe w Krakowie,

sygn. 29/280/0/2.1/310)

Fig. 3. Zakliczyn on an up-to-date orthophotomap with a diagram of the town’s layout as founded

(map source: Google Earth, accessed: 4.06.2022; elaborated by D. Kuśnierz-Krupa, K. Kuśnierz)

Il. 3. Zakliczyn na aktualnej ortofotomapie wraz ze schematem rozplanowania miasta lokacyjnego

(źródło mapy: Google Earth, data dostępu: 4.06.2022; oprac.: D. Kuśnierz-Krupa, K. Kuśnierz)

86 Dominika Kuśnierz-Krupa, Kazimierz Kuśnierz, Małgorzata Hryniewicz, Julia Ivashko, Dorota Bober

Cieszanów

The second of the Renaissance towns of historical

Lesser Poland to be analyzed was Cieszanów – a town

founded along the Brusienka River. At present, the town is

located in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in Lubaczow-

ski County, and is the seat of an urban-rural municipality.

Cieszanów was established towards the end of the

cen tury, probably around 1590, as a private town found-

ed by Stanisław Cieszanowski of the coat of arms of Jelita,

starost of Sambor, close to a manorial and garden complex

in Nowe Sioło, a property of the Cieszanowski family. The

town’s location was associated with the course of a trade

route from Jarosław towards Lublin, and the contempora-

neous need to establish a town that, similarly to Zakliczyn,

would form a market for a complex of villages that be-

longed to the magnate family [9, pp. 80–85], [24]–[26].

The town was founded between two pre-existing vil-

lages. To the west of it was Wola Nowosielecka (previous-

ly known as Cieszanów and mentioned in sources already

in 1496 [27]), while to the west it was Nowe Sioło with

the estate and previously mentioned manorial and garden

complex owned by the Cieszanowski family.

The town of Cieszanów was given a regular, orthogonal

urban layout, delineated using the long schnur measure-

ment unit (ca. 45 m), and a square-shaped market square

was delineated in its center, measuring 135 × 135 m (3 × 3

schnurs).

Around it, singular 1 schnur deep town blocks

were planned and divided into settlement plots with a prob-

able width of 13.5 m, which resulted in the original plan

featuring 50 settlement plots around the market square [9,

p. 73]. The diagonal blocks were probably slated for ad-

ditional development, acting as reserve land. Over time,

the diagonal block from the southeast of the market square

came to be occupied by the parish church, which was built

only towards the end of the 18

and the beginning of the

century. Beforehand, the function of the parish church

was performed by the church of St. Sophia, located to the

west of the Renaissance urban layout (at the site of a later

Orthodox church), and later the monastic church of the Or-

der of St. Dominic [26].

Soon after its completion, the town was given the func-

tional program devised by its founders, which included

residential and commercial development. North of the

regulated urban layout there stretched long farming plots,

to the east were urban gardens, while in the south was

the Brusienka River, with the “lordly elds” behind it (see

archival town plans, Figs. 4–6).

In 1665, Cieszanów was founded again. The town charter

was reissued by King Jan Kazimierz. The Renaissance for-

tications that used to encircle the town are probably from

this period [8, p. 130]. Their remains are visible to this day.

Over time, the town changed owners (in sequence, it

was owned by the Wierzbicki family, then Adam Lipski,

and later by the Bełżecki family) [24]–[27].

For over 400 years of its history, Cieszanów was af-

fected by numerous disasters like res or invasions by

foreign armies, such as those of the Tartars. However, the

town recovered each time and rebuilt at a varying pace.

In Cieszanów, the market square sported a town hall, and

there were also a mill, a canvas whitening shop, and a pa-

per mill there. Apart from Roman Catholic churches (and

a Dominican monastery), the town also featured a syna-

gogue and an Orthodox church.

Cieszanów, concerning the previously discussed ty-

pology of Renaissance towns, represents the commercial

center type.

An analysis of Cieszanów’s historical plans, namely

that of the First Military Survey – Map of Galicia and

Lodomeria of 1769–1783, the Galician Cadaster of 1848,

the Second Military Survey – Map of Galicia and Buko-

vina from 1861–1864, when confronted with an up-

to-date

survey map and an orthophotomap (Fig. 6) allows us to

state that, essentially, the Renaissance-period historical

urban layout of Cieszanów has survived into the present.

This observation concerns both the shape and size of the

market square and the development blocks around it, es-

pecially the western, northern and southern ones. It should

be noted that the fact that the town’s historical develop-

Fig. 4. Cieszanów on the First Military Survey

– Map of Galicia and Lodomeria of 1769–1783

(source: Archives of the Chair of the History of Architecture

and Monument Conservation of the FoA CUT

– Urban Planning Team, map photo)

Il. 4. Cieszanów na I Zdjęciu Wojskowym,

Mapie Galicji i Lodomerii z lat 1769–1783

(źródło: Archiwum Katedry Historii Architektury

i Konserwacji Zabytków, WA PK

– Zespół Historii Urbanistyki, fot. mapy)

Fig. 5. Cieszanów on the Galician Cadaster from 1854

(source: National Archives in Przemyśl, sign. 56/126/0/0/272M)

Il. 5. Cieszanów na katastrze galicyjskim z 1854 r.

(źródło: Archiwum Państwowe w Przemyślu, sygn. 56/126/0/0/272M)

Conservation of the Renaissance towns of Southern Poland based on selected examples: an introduction to research 87

ment (especially around the market square) did not survive

does not in itself aect the value of its historical urban lay-

out, which has survived almost unchanged into the pres-

ent. The fact that the urban layout had not been entered in

the Subcarpathian Voivodeship’s register of monuments is

all the more surprising in the light of this. Cieszanów does

not have an LSDP in place either, a measure that could

ensure the conservation of the historical urban layout. It is

nevertheless worth noting that the municipality has an up-

to-date monument preservation program, which includes,

among others, an overview of its assets and an analysis of

the condition of the municipality’s heritage and cultural

landscape, information about the assets’ statutory conser-

vation, and guidelines in this respect [28].

In summary, it should be highlighted that the historical

spatial structure of the town is not under any form of statu-

tory conservation, which can lead to its rapid destruction,

for instance due to remodeling the transport grid and the

construction or extension of the existing buildings located

within historical town blocks. Eorts should be made to

enact an LSDP that would place the urban layout in a strict

conservation zone as soon as possible, so that the layout

can be protected and new projects can be controlled by

the proper Voivodeship Monument Conservation Oce.

Raków

The last of the towns to be studied was Raków. A for-

mer urban municipality, it is currently a village located in

the Holy Cross Voivodeship, in Kielce County, and is the

seat of a municipality.

The town was founded by Jakub Sienieński of Sienno

on the Czarna, on a previously uninhabited piece of land

that had been rich in forests [29, p. 7]. Nearby there were

routes connecting Łagów and Stopnica through Szydłów,

and from Kielce to Staszów. They were nevertheless of no

signicant importance [30, p. 13].

The Sienieński family, as many other Polish magnate

families (e.g., the Jordan or the Cieszanowski families),

urbanized their estates. The result of this urbanization in

historical Lesser Poland was, among others, Raków, for

which the aforementioned Jan Sienieński issued a town

charter on May 27, 1567, with the approval of Sigismund II

Augustus, King of Poland [31].

Raków was founded based on the Magdeburg law.

Analysis of archival cartography, namely the First Mili-

tary Survey – Map of Eastern Galicia of 1801–1804, an

up-to-date cadastral map and an orthophotomap enabled

the hypothesis that the town had been delineated based on

the short schnur, with a length of 37 m, as well as that, in

the past – perhaps in search of plots for additional settlers,

who had been arriving in the town in droves towards the

end of the 16

and in the 17

centuries – another town

block had been added and delineated within the market

square’s space (from the west). Originally, the market

square had a shape similar to a square and measured ca.

148 × 148 m, namely 4 × 4 short schnurs. The market

square was surrounded by town blocks with a depth of

1 schnur, which were then divided into settlement plots.

This urban layout would feature diagonal town blocks that

would be also visible today, with 2 streets extending from

each of the market square’s corners (with the exception of

Fig. 6. Cieszanów on an up-to-date orthophotomap with a diagram of the town’s layout as founded

(map source: Google Earth, accessed: 4.06.2022; elaborated by D. Kuśnierz-Krupa, K. Kuśnierz)

Il. 6. Cieszanów na aktualnej ortofotomapie wraz ze schematem rozplanowania miasta lokacyjnego

(źródło mapy: Google Earth, data dostępu: 4.06.2022; oprac. D. Kuśnierz-Krupa, K. Kuśnierz)

88 Dominika Kuśnierz-Krupa, Kazimierz Kuśnierz, Małgorzata Hryniewicz, Julia Ivashko, Dorota Bober

of a triangle, was even delineated to the northeast of the

original urban layout.

It is worth noting that in 1599 Raków became an ocial

center of the Polish Brothers, a branch of Arians. Two years

later, synodal councils began to be hosted in Raków. During

this period, a school [33, p. 266], a printing shop [34, p. 26]

and slightly later also a town hall were erected there. In addi-

tion, the town was a commercial center with well-developed

commerce, crafts and agriculture. It featured grain mills,

breweries, a malt house and a glass mill [32, pp. 33–44].

In summary of the analyses presented, it should be stat-

ed that, in essence, Raków’s historical urban layout – with

clear characteristics of a commercial center in terms of

Polish Renaissance town typology – has survived into

the present. The only exception here is the structure of

the western block and the associated size of the market

square, which is currently a matter for further research.

The historical values of this layout had already been

acknowledged, as in 1984 the urban layout and the small-

town development of Raków were included in the register

of monuments of the Holy Cross Voivodeship (entry no.

A-453) [35].

Raków also has an LSDP in eect, in which the his-

torical layout has been covered by a cultural conservation

zone and a strict conservation zone [36].

Unfortunately, the municipality does not have a monu-

ment preservation program that could contribute to stop-

ping the degradation of monuments and lead to an improve-

ment of their state of preservation, while also dening the

conditions of cooperation with monument owners.

In summary, it should be highlighted that the historical

urban layout of Raków is suciently protected. The terri-

Fig. 7. Raków on the First Military Survey

– Map of Eastern Galicia of 1801–1804

(source: https://wbc.poznan.pl/dlibra/publication/538564/edition/479982,

accessed: 4.06.2022)

Il. 7. Raków na I Zdjęciu Wojskowym,

na Mapie Galicji Wschodniej z lat 1801–1804

(źródło: https://wbc.poznan.pl/dlibra/publication/538564/edition/479982,

data dostępu: 4.06.2022)

Fig. 8. Raków on an up-to-date orthophotomap with a diagram of the town’s plan as founded

(map source: Google Earth, accessed: 4.06.2022; elaborated by D. Kuśnierz-Krupa, M. Hryniewicz)

Il. 8. Raków na aktualnej ortofotomapie wraz ze schematem rozplanowania miasta lokacyjnego

(źródło mapy: Google Earth, data dostępu: 4.06.2022; oprac. D. Kuśnierz-Krupa, M. Hryniewicz)

the southeast corner). The street that extended from the

northwest corner would lead northwards to the no-lon-

ger-existing Arian prayer house, at the site of which the

Holy Trinity Church was built around the mid-17

centu-

ry [32] (see Figs. 7, 8).

The town did not possess Renaissance fortications,

and merely a wooden curtain wall with a system of ponds,

articial reservoirs and the Czarna River, along with two

gates and a smaller port. In the early 17

century, due to

a second wave of settlers, the town began to increase its

territory. The so-called New Market Square, in the shape

Conservation of the Renaissance towns of Southern Poland based on selected examples: an introduction to research 89

torial entry in the register of monuments is supported by

provisions of local law on the need to preserve this valu-

able historical structure. However, it is an oversight by the

municipal authorities that thus far no up-to-date municipal

monument preservation program has been drafted, a doc-

ument that could support and act as a “signpost” for the

local community, including the owners of historical build-

ings or those within the conservation zone, on the matter

of procuring funding for renovation and any needs arising

from the proper care over cultural heritage assets.

Conclusions

In conclusion, it should be noted that during the Re-

naissance it was mostly the magnates who took the lead

in establishing new cities and towns. The magnates saw in

this a means to gain wealth in a period of economic crisis.

A newly-founded town would become primarily a market

for products produced in a latifundium.

From the standpoint of urban design history and the

typology of Renaissance urban layouts, the towns an-

alyzed – Zakliczyn, Cieszanów and Raków – are com-

mercial centers founded by private owners (the Jordan,

Cieszanowski and Sienieński families). Their urban lay-

outs are well-dened, orthogonal structures measured

using old Polish units of measurement: Zakliczyn and

Raków using the short schnur (37 m) and Cieszanów us-

ing the long schnur (45 m). Large market squares were

delineated in the centers of the towns, which was aligned

with their main purposes, i.e. commerce and trade. The

market square in Zakliczyn is rectangular, while those of

Cieszanów and Raków are roughly square-shaped.

All three towns have urban layouts that have survived

until the present in a well-preserved state, and that were

delineated during the Renaissance, in the 2

half of the

century to be exact. Despite this, only two of the spa-

tial structures (those of Zakliczyn and Raków) are listed

in the register of monuments. The same towns also have

LSDPs in eect, which have the historical centers placed

in strict conservation zones. They do not, how ever, pos-

sess up-to-date municipal monument preservation pro-

grams, despite the statutory duty to draft such a program

every four years. Drafting such a document is thus an es-

sential guideline for reinforcing and popularizing the need

for statutory conservation of cultural heritage among the

local community, concerning both urban planning and ar-

chitecture. The historical urban layout of Cieszanów is,

in contrast, not protected in any way, as it has been made

neither a part of a territorial entry in the register of mon-

uments nor has a strict conservation zone been imposed

upon it in an LSDP. The town nevertheless does have an

up-to-date municipal monument preservation program.

In this case, it is important to make eorts to enter this

valuable layout in the register of monuments of the Sub-

carpathian Voivodeship and to draw up an LSDP with cor-

rectly dened and delineated strict conservation zones for

the well-dened urban structure of the town as founded.

The cases above indicate that Renaissance urban plan-

ning heritage is still present and clearly legible in the cul-

tural space of Lesser Poland’s cities. What is more, heri-

tage is, to quote the Historical monument protection and

preservation act, a testament to an important period in Po-

land’s history (and contemporaneous tendencies in urban

design), and its preservation is in the public interest due

to unquestionable historical, artistic and academic values

[23], which has been demonstrated above.

Translated by

Krzysztof Barnaś

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